CONCRETE AS A MATERIAL

► CONCRETE AS A MATERIAL IS THE MOST

EXTENSIVELY USED MATERIAL AFTER
WATER.

► ITIS THE MOST USED CONSTRUCTION

MATERIAL UNDER PRACTICALLY ALL THE
CONDITIONS OF EXPOSURE, UTILITY AND
SERVICES.
ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”
 CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

►DIMENSIONS OF ANY MATERIALS.

►BASIC MATERIALS.
►THEIR INDIVIDUAL PROPERTIES.
►COLLECTVE PERFORMANCE.
►MICROSTRUCTURE OF CONCRETE.
►ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH PROPERTIES.
►IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF CONCRETE.
ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”
DIMENSIONS OF ANY MATERIAL
MATERIALS USED IN ANY WALK OF LIFE HAVE
ESSENTIALLY FOLLOWING FOUR DIMENSIONS:

► ENGINEERING DIMESION.

► ECONOMIC DIMENSION.

► ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION.

► SOCIAL DIMENSION
ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”
 ENGINEERING DIMENSION
► IT SHOULD BE STRONG ENOUGH TO TAKE UP
THE INTENDED FORCES.

► ITSHOULD BE DIMENSIONALLY STABLE UNDER

THE SERVICE CONDITIONS.

► IT SHOULD BE DURABLE AND LAST THE

INTENDED SERVICE LIFE.

► IT SHOULD BE CAPABLE OF PERFORMING

EFFICIENTLY IN THE INTENDED ENVIRONMENT.
ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”
 ECONOMIC DIMENSION

► IT SHOULD BE ECONOMICAL.

► ITSHOULD CONSUME LESS AMOUNT OF

BASIC MATERIALS.

► IT SHOULD INVOLVE LESS HUMAN

RESOURCES AND EASY TO MANUFACTURE.
ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”
 ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION
► THE MATERIAL SHOULD BE ECO-FRIENDLY.
► IT SHOULD CONSUME LESS ENERGY.
► IT SHOULD CONSUME LESS AMOUNT OF
NATURAL MATERIAL.
► IT SHOULD BE CAPABLE OF CONSUMING
WASTE (Both Industrial & Municipal).
► IT SHOULD HAVE HIGH RECYCLABLE
VALUE.
ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”
 SOCIAL DIMENSION
► IT SHOULD BE SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE.

► IT SHOULD LEAD TO SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIETY.

► ITSHOULD LEAD TO THE SUSTAINABLE

USE OF THE FINITE NATURAL RESOURCES
WHICH ARE ALREADY UNDER THE BRINK
OF EXTINCTION.
ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”
 BASIC MATERIALS

► BINDER(MUD, SURKHI, LIME, CEMENT,

POLYMER AND SO ON).

► FILLER (AGGREGATES, MINERAL

ADMIXTURES)

► ACTIVATOR (WATER, RESIN AND SO ON)

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 BASIC MATERIALS
► CEMENT. 3 - 3.15

► FINE AGGREGATE. 2.4 – 2.8

► COARSE AGGREGATE. 2.6 – 2.8

► WATER. 1.0

► ADMIXTURES:
 MINERAL. 0.7 – 2.0
 CHEMICAL. 1.0 – 1.5
ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”
 CEMENT
► Major Raw Materials: limestone, alumina,
alkalies and Iron oxides.

► When burnt at a high temperature they fuse

to form a hard mass (globules) called as
clinkers. They are then inter ground with
gypsum to a fine powder called the cement.

► MajorChemical Compounds in Cement: C3S,

C2S, C3A & C4AF.
ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”
 AGGREGATES
► NATURALLYAVAILABLE / SYNTHETICALLY
MANUFACTURED PIECES OF ROCK
CRUSHED TO A REQUIRED SIZE.

► THEY ARE INERT FILLERS AS FAR

MAJORITY OF THE CONCRETE IS
CONCERNED.

► INDIVIDUALLYTHEY ARE VERY STRONG,

DURABLE AND DIMENSIONALLY STABLE.
ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”
 WATER
► IT IS AN ACTIVATOR REQUIRED TO
ACTIVATE CEMENT INTO CHEMICAL
REACTION CALLED HYDRATION OF
CEMENT.

► AFTER UNDERGOING THE CHEMICAL

REACTION IT BECOMES A HARD MASS
ENCAPSULATING THE INERT AGGREGATES
WHICH IS CALLED THE CONCRETE.

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 COLLECTVE PERFORMANCE.
► WHEN THEY (BASIC MATERIALS) ARE
COMBINED TO FORM CONCRETE, THE
RESULTING PRODUCT GIVES A
ALTOGETHER DIFFERENT PERFORMANCE.

► DENSITYOF CONCRETE IS 2200 TO 2500

KG/M3. WHICH IS SOMEWHERE BETWEEN
THAT OF CEMENT AND WATER.

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 COLLECTVE PERFORMANCE.

► THISIS BECAUSE CONCRETE CAN BE VISUALISED

AS DISPERSION OF INERT FILLER MATERIALS IN
A CEMENT PASTE (BINDING MATERIAL).

► MACROSCOPICALLY VIEWING CONCRETE

ESSENTIALLY CONSISTS OF CEMENT PASTE
ENCAPSULATING THE INERT AGGREGATES.
ESSENTIALLY IT CAN BE VIEWED AS TWO PHASE
SYSTEM.

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 COLLECTVE PERFORMANCE.
► WHEN MICROSCOPICALLY VIEWED THE
COMPLEXITY OF THE CONCRETE CROPS UP.

► THEREIS A THIRD PHASE CALLED TRANSITION

ZONE OR INTERFACIAL ZONE.

► THISINTERFACIAL LAYER IS RESPONSIBLE FOR

CONCRETE TO BEHAVE IN A DIFFERENT WAY
THAN THE BASIC MATERIALS.

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 MICROSTRUCTURE OF CONCRETE
► TO UNDERSTAND THE PERFORMANCE OF
CONCRETE ONE NEEDS TO STUDY THE
MICROSTRUCTURE OF CONCRETE.

► MICROSTRUCTURALLY CONCRETE CAN BE

VIEWED AS A CHAIN CONTAINING THREE LINKS :
CEMENT PASTE, AGGREGATES AND TRANSITION
ZONE.

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 MICROSTRUCTURE OF CONCRETE
► THE PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE IS REALLY
CONTROLLED BY THE BEHAVIOUR/
PERFORMANCE OF THIS TRANSITION ZONE
RATHER THAN THE PERFORMANCE OF THE BASIC
MATERIALS.

► SO THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF CONCRETE ALONG

WITH THE BEHAVIOR OF THE TRANSITION ZONE
WILL CONTROL THE PERFORMANCE OF THE
CONCRETE (RATHER THAN THE PERFORMANCE
OF THE INDIVIDUAL MATERIALS)

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 STRUCTURE PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP IN
CONCRETE

► THEMICROSTRUCTURE OF CONCRETE HAS AN

IMPORTANT BEARING ON THE PROPERTY OF
CONCRETE.

► ALLTHE THREE MAJOR PROPERTIES EXPECTED

NAMELY: STRENGTH, DURABILITY AND
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY OF CONCRETE ARE
AFFECTED BY THE STRUCTURE OF CONCRETE.

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 Characteristics of High-
Strength Concretes
► High early strength
► High strength
► High modulus of elasticity
► High abrasion resistance
► High durability and long life in
severe environments
► Low permeability and diffusion
► Resistance to chemical attack

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 Characteristics of High-
Strength Concretes
► High resistance to frost and
deicer scaling damage
► Toughness and impact
resistance
► Volume stability
► Ease of placement
► Compaction without
segregation
► Inhibition
of bacterial and
mold growth
ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”
 Materials Used in High-
Strength Concrete
Material Primary Contribution/Desired Property
Portland cement Cementing material / Durability
Blended cement
Cementing material /
Fly ash / Slag / Silica fume
Durability /
Calcined clay/ Metakaolin
High strength
Calcined shale
Superplasticizers Flowability
High-range water reducers Reduce water-cement ratio
Hydration control admix. Control setting

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 Materials Used in High-
Strength Concrete
Material Primary contribution/Desired property
Retarders Control setting
Accelerators Accelerate setting
Corrosion inhibitors Control steel corrosion
Water reducers Reduce cement and water content
Shrinkage reducers Reduce shrinkage
ASR inhibitors Control alkali-silica activity
Optimally graded aggr. Improve workability/reduce paste
Polymer/latex modifiers Durability

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 High Strength Concrete
May be achieved by —

► HE high-early-strength cement
► High cement content : 400 to 600 kg/m3
► Low water-cementing materials ratio (0.20 to 0.45
by mass)
► Higher freshly mixed concrete temperature
► Higher curing temperature

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 High Strength Concrete
May be achieved by —
► Chemical admixtures
► Silica fume (or other SCM)
► Steam or autoclave curing
► Insulation to retain heat of hydration
► Special rapid hardening cements

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 High-Strength Concrete
 90% of ready-mix concrete
20 MPa - 40 MPa @ 28-d
(most 30 MPa – 35 MPa)

 High-strength concrete
by definition —
28 day – compr. strength
 70 MPa

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 High-Strength Concrete
Materials
Aggregates —
► 9.5 - 12.5 mm (3/8 - 1/2 in.) nominal
maximum size gives optimum strength
► Combining single sizes for required grading
allows for closer control and reduced
variability in concrete
► For 70 MPa and greater, the FM of the sand
should be 2.8 – 3.2. (lower may give lower
strengths and sticky mixes)
ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”
 High-Strength Concrete
Materials
Supplementary Cementing Materials —

► Fly
ash, silica fume, or slag often
mandatory
► Dosage rate 5% to 20% or higher by mass
of cementing material.

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 High-Strength Concrete
Materials
Admixtures —
► Use of water reducers, retarders, HRWRs, or
superplasticizers — mandatory in high-strength concrete
► Air-entraining admixtures not necessary or desirable in
protected high-strength concrete.
 Air is mandatory, where durability in a freeze-thaw
environment is required (i.e.. bridges, piers, parking
structures)
 Recent studies:
► w/cm ≥ 0.30—air required
► w/cm < 0.25—no air needed

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 High-Strength Concrete
Placing, Consolidation, and Curing
► Delays in delivery and placing
must be eliminated
► Consolidation very important to achieve strength
► Slump generally 180 to 220 mm (7 to 9 in.)
► Little if any bleeding—fog or evaporation retarders have to
be applied immediately after strike off to minimize plastic
shrinkage and crusting
► 7 days moist curing

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 Very High Strength
Concrete
► May be defined as concrete having strength between 60-
100 Mpa.
► The higher is the strength more brittle is the material.
► Advantageous in Column sections, bridges, tall buildings.
► Disadvantage appears in relatively low shear strength and
increased creep and shrinkage due to lower aggregate
content.

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 Macro-Defect Free
Cement(MDF)
► Made from Aluminious cement mixed with organic
plasticizers and water.
► Compressive strength : 100-300 MPa
► Flexural Strength : 30-45 MPa
► Modulus of elasticity : 35-50 GPa

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 Densely Packed System
(DSP)
► DSP: Densified Systems containing homogenously
arranged ultrafine particles
► Silica fume is a component
► Very low porosity achieved due to smaller particle size of
silica fume

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 Pressure Densification and
Warm Pressing
► Applying heat and pressure simultaneously to cement
paste
► Compressive strength up to 650 Mpa
► Tensile Strength up to 68 Mpa
► Remove most of porosity as low as 1.7 %
► Generation of very homogeneous, fine micro-structure

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 Polymer Concrete ( New
Material)
► Combination of Concrete Technology + Polymer
Chemistry)
► Impregnation of monomer and subsequent polymerisation
► Latest technique to reduce the inherent porosity of the
concrete
► Improve the Strength and other property of Concrete

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 Reactive Powder Concrete
( RPC)
► Made by replacing the sand and aggregates by ground
quartz of< 300 micron size , silica flume
► For Structural member M100 to M120 concrete
► Non structural member concrete of M250 to M300
► RPC develop strength M200 to M800 with required
ductility
► Improve the Strength and other property of Concrete

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”

 THANK YOU

ALL INDIA WORKSHOP ON “INNOVATION IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY”