Seminar On : Application

Of Variational Principles in beams

Plates and Shells.
By Mr. Pranil Shirish Deshmukh
Department - F.Y. Structural Engineering
Guide - Dr. Y.M. Ghugal
 INTRODUCTI
ON

Isaac Newton(1642-1726) Wilhelm Leibniz(1646-1716)

Vectorial Mechanics Analytical Mechanics

Vectors : Momentum , Force Scalars : Kinetic Energy , Potential Ene
Formulation of Formulation of principles
Equations
 Johann Bernoulli(1667-1748)
Calculus of Variations
Brachistochrone problem - the quickest descent between two points.
Geodesic problem - the shortest distance between two points on a give
surface. problem - the curve for which the time taken by an object
Tautochrone
sliding is independent of its starting point.
Leonhard Euler(1707-1783) Louis Lagrange(1736-1813)
Euler Lagrange Equation
ⅆ 𝜕𝐿 𝜕𝐿
𝐿 =𝑇−𝑉 − =0
ⅆ𝑡 𝜕𝑥ሶ 𝜕𝑥
 𝐿 = 𝑘. 𝐸 − 𝑃. 𝐸 where 𝐿 𝑥 𝑡 , 𝑥ሶ 𝑡 𝐿 =𝑇−𝑉
𝑡 1
Action = 𝑆 = ‫ 𝑡׬‬2 𝐿 𝑥 𝑡 , 𝑥ሶ 𝑡 ⅆ𝑡 Put this 𝐿 = 𝑚𝑥ሶ 2 − 𝑉 𝑥
1
2
To find least action take first variation equals to zero
Into this 𝜕𝐿 ⅆ 𝜕𝐿
𝛿𝑆 = 0 − =0
𝜕𝑥 ⅆ𝑡 𝜕 𝑥ሶ
𝑡
‫ 𝑡׬‬2 𝛿𝐿 ⅆ𝑡 = 0
1
To get
𝑡2 𝜕𝐿 𝜕𝐿
‫𝑥𝛿 𝑥𝜕 𝑡׬‬ +
𝜕𝑥ሶ
𝛿 𝑥ሶ ⅆ𝑡 = 0
1
𝜕𝑣 𝑚 ⅆ2 𝑥
− − 2
=0
𝑡2 𝜕𝐿 𝜕𝐿 ⅆ 𝜕𝑥 ⅆ𝑡
‫𝑥𝛿 𝑥𝜕 𝑡׬‬ +
𝜕𝑥ሶ ⅆ𝑡
𝛿𝑥 ⅆ𝑡 = 0
1

𝑡2 𝜕𝐿 ⅆ 𝜕𝐿 This is nothing but F = m a

‫𝑥𝛿 𝑥𝜕 𝑡׬‬ −
ⅆ𝑡 𝜕𝑥ሶ
𝛿𝑥 ⅆ𝑡 = 0
1

𝑡2 𝜕𝐿 ⅆ 𝜕𝐿
‫𝑥𝜕 𝑡׬‬ − 𝛿𝑥 ⅆ𝑡 = 0
1 ⅆ𝑡 𝜕𝑥ሶ

𝜕𝐿 ⅆ 𝜕𝐿
− =0
𝜕𝑥 ⅆ𝑡 𝜕𝑥ሶ
 Geodesic problem
Using Euler - Lagrange equation
ⅆ 𝜕𝐿 𝜕𝐿
− =0
ⅆ𝑡 𝜕𝑦ሶ 𝜕𝑦

ⅆ 𝑦ሶ
We get −0=0
ⅆ𝑡 1+ 𝑦ሶ 2
𝑦ሶ
= Constant
1+ 𝑦ሶ 2
ⅆ𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑦ሶ = Constant = a
ⅆ𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑦ሶ 2
2 2 2
By Integrating on both sides

𝐼 = න ⅆ𝑠 = න 1 + 𝑦ሶ 2 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝐿 ⅆ𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
1 1 1
This is the equation representing a straight line
where 𝐿 = 1 + 𝑦ሶ 2
 Calculus Calculus of Variations

function 𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 functional 𝐼 = න𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥 , 𝑦 ′ 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 depends on value of 𝑥 𝐼 depends on the function 𝑦 𝑥

1st derivative of 𝑦 = 0 to find stationary points 1st variation of 𝐼 = 0 to find stationary function
and check for extremum and check for extremum
The Variational Operator
The Delta operator d
 Principle

Principle of virtual work

D’Alembert’s principle

Principle of minimum potential energy

Variational
principles Hamilton’s principle

Principle of complementary virtual work

Principle of minimum complementary energy

Hu-Washizu’s principle

Hellinger-Reissner’s principle
 𝑘
𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛 𝜓𝑜𝑈