Logging Basic: by Mr. Li Ming November. 2005, Beijing

China National Logging Corporation
Logging Basic
By Mr. Li Ming
November. 2005, Beijing
Logging Basic, November 2005 1

Contents
1. Logging Environment
2. Logging Series
3. Reservoir Evaluation

I. Logging Environment
Drilling Process
Resistivity profile
Water zone Hydrocarbon zone

(water basedmud,Rmf<RW) (water based mud,Rmf<RW)
Water zone Hydrocarbon zone

(oil based mud,Rw<<Rf) (oil based mud,Rw<<Rf)
II . Logging Series
Lithology Logs
Pore space properties Resistivity Logs
Density of rocks Porosity Log

Natural radioactivity of rocks Dipmeter and Image Logs
Elastic properties
NMR Logs
Anelastic properties
Formation Tester
Electrical properties
Thermal properties Production Logs
Magnetic properties Engineering Logs
LWD&MWD

1. Lithology Logs
SP （Spontaneous Potential）
GR ：GR （Gamma Ray）
SL （Spectral Gamma）
Caliper

1.1 SP Log
Shale
Eda
Invaded
Sand zone
Ea
mud fresh connate

filtrate water
measurement principle
Ed is potential at sand formation , ––

––
we can get : shale Eda ––
––
++++
Rmf –– ++++++
Ed = Kd lg –– +
Rw sand Ed ––
––
+
+
–– ++++++
–– ++++
––
Kd= 11.6 mV when Temp=18oC shale Eda ––
––
R mf : resistivity of mud filtrate ;
R w : resistivity of formation water

Salinity effect on SP

Applications of SP Log
(1) identify permeable zones ;

(2) define bed boundaries ;
(3) compute shale content ;
(4) determine values of formation water resistivity

1.1.1 identify permeable zones 1.1.2 define bed boundaries
SHALE
SAND
SHALE

1.1.3 compute shale content
( SP  SPclean )
( V sh )SP =
(SP shale SPclean )
1.1.4 determine values of formation water resistivity
SP =  K [ log ( R mfe / R we ) ]

1.2 GR Log
1.2.1 SL and GR measurement principle
natural gamma ray radioactive formations
 emission spectra for potassium,thorium and uranium

1.2.2 GR Log and SL Log

Shalestone: high reading
Sandstone, Limestone: low reading

Depth of investigation
• 10”-15”(varies with formation density)
Vertical resolution
• 24”(varies with Logging Speed)

1.2.3 Application of Gamma Ray Log

Correlation
Well to well correlation
depth matching
Positioning the sampling

tool in the open hole.
Providing depth control
General lithology indicator
Quantitative shale volume

shale content indicator

GR  GRmin
sh =
GRmax  GRmin
Vsh= (2sh*GCUR  1) / (2GCUR 1)

Gcur =2 , old formation
Gcur=3.7, new formation

Spectral log application

• Lithology indictor
• Depositional environment study
• Clay type analysis
• Correction for GR to calculate shale content
• Identify organic material and source rock
• Fracture identification.
• Geochemical logging

Spectral Log interpretation

Clay type analysis

20
Heavy
thorium
16 minerals
Th (ppm)
12
Kaolinite
mixed layer illite

8
clays
4 Glauconite
0 1 2 3 4
K%
Depositional environment study

Th/U = 0.0002
evaporites
Th = 100ppm
dolomites
limestones
low Th/U
Marine black shales
coals
Igneous
rocks
middle Th/U
Marine gray-
green shales
Continental
high Th/U
shales Placer deposits

2. Resistivity Logs
2.1 Micro-resistivity Log: MSFL
2.2 Induction Log: DPIL( ILD / ILM)
HDIL
2.3 Laterolog: DLL (LLD / LLS)
Array laterolog

2.1 Micro-resistivity Log----MSFL
R = k ( Vo / Io )
Survey Current (I0) Electrode (A0)
Voltage monitor Electrode (M0)
Focusing Current Electrode (A1)
Monitor Electrode (M1, M2)
2.2 Induction Log

2.2.1 DPIL
1/ Ra =  / R m +  / R xo +  / R t

DPIL logs

2.2.2 HDIL log
TELEMETRY
SP
ACQUISITION& STACKING
PREAMP
.
.
RECEIVER COILS
.
Calibration
Reference
TRANSMITER
MICRO
PROCESSOR Temperature Sensor
CONTROLLED
TRANSMITTER

FEATURES BENEFITS
Deepest depth of investigation is More accuracy and confidence in determining the true
up to 120 inches resistivity of the uninvaded formation.
Multiple More reliable true formation resistivity(Rt) and
depths of investigation flushed zone resistivity(Rxo).
Multiple vertical resolutions More reliable log analysis in thinly-beded reservoirs.
Multiple measurements at different Permit measurements to be corrected for much of the
vertical resolutions and depths of borehole sensitivity and essentially eliminate the
investigation. artifacts caused.
Provides more accurate resistivity data where apparent
Dip correction
dip across the borehole effects the raw measurements.
Permits more accurate evaluation of resistivity, salinity
and saturation.
Radial limits of invasion can be Provides a clue to the cause of formation damage, why
determined. certain perforations contribute no production, and/or
shows the effects of drilling overbalanced.
Provides clues about permeability and lateral
hetergeneities.

1 ft vertical 4 ft vertical
2 ft vertical resolution
resolution resolution

2.3 Laterolog
R a =  R m +  R xo +  R t
LLS LLD
A constant survey current is “forced” into the formation by guard

current from the guard electrodes.
DLL logs

HRLA

No reference effect


2.4 To get the Rt, Correction should be done:
Borehole and mudcake corrections
Bed thickness corrections
Invasion corrections
Or Skin effect correction for Induction log

DLL correction

DPIL correction

Specification table
Tools Measured Investigation Vertical

Scale Depth Resolution
（ohm.m）（in）（in )
DLL 0.2-40000 60 / 24 in 24
DPIL 0.2-2000 62 / 31 96 / 72
MSFL 0.2-2000 6 in 10

Preferred ranges of applications of induction logs and laterologs

3. Porosity Logs
1) Density log
2) Neutron log
3) Acoustic log

3.1 Density Log
0.66Mev
Three principle gamma ray interaction Cross-section for three principle interaction

Cesium-137 produces 0.66Mev gamma rays and record

the gamma rays with energy larger than 0.2Mev .The
gamma rays absorption has nearly no dependence on
lithology but on formation electron density, e
Suppose : A is atomic weight , Z is atomic number , the

electron density is then related to mass density by :
2Z
e =  ( )molecule
A

Density tools are designed to calibrate in fresh-water-

filled limestone :
for limestone =2.71g/cm3 , 2Z/A = 0.999 ;
for water =1.00g/cm3 , 2Z/A = 1.110 ;
Use e ,  convert equation ,we can get :

e (lim) =2.7076g/cm3 , e(water) =1.1101g/cm3 .
For any other e , a linear conversion now is:
b = 0.1883 + 1.0704 e

Relationship between pb, pe and pa

b =(1  Vsh )ma+Vshsh +  f
(ma  b )  Vsh(ma  sh)

=
ma  b
water
oil

shale
matrix

PE log
Photoelectric absorption occurs when gamma rays’
energy are less than 0.2Mev. The amount of gamma rays
absorbed by formation are related to formation’s average
atomic number Z : Z 3.6
Pe = ( )
10

PE-Lithology indictor

3.2 Neutron log

1. Fast neutron absorption.
2.Thermal neutron absorption.
3.Neutron elastic scattering-Neutron Logging
4.Neutron inelastic scattering
Neutron Absorption Neutron Scattering

Measurement Principle
High Porosity
High HI
Low population
(thermal neutron)
Low count rates
Low Porosity
Low HI
High Population
(thermal neutron)
High Count rates
Two detectors
to remove
Borehole effect

CN has two detectors to eliminate bore effects .

The ratio of near counts / far counts are directly
used to estimate porosity.
log = CKN
where  is porosity ;
N is near or far counts ;
K,C are constants related to tool, borehole
size and lithology .

Neutron logging Application
1.Porosity derived from neutron logging
2.Determine porosity and lithology
3.Identify Oil and gas

Determine  and lithology (combined with density log)

Gas indicator
(good separations between density
porosity and neutron porosity)
gas

3.3 Sonic logs
3.3.1 sonic velocity log


Array sonic logging

Cross Multipole Array Acoustic( XMAC)
Shear Wave in 4-component

Anisotropic Measurement:
Rock:
Inline:
Splitting into fast X to X, Y to Y
X
and slow waves Receiver Slow Crossline:
X to Y, Y to X
Fast Y Receiver
X Slow
Source Fast
q
Y Source

Sonic logging application
Formation evaluation Mechanical property analysis
• Porosity evalunation
.Sanding analysis
• Lithology
.Fracture predication
• Gas dection
.Wellbore stability
• Fracture
• Permeability
• Cement bond log
Geophysical interpretation
Synthetic seismogram
VSP
AVO
Wyllie Time Average
(△t c △t ma )
s = C p =(△t shale /100)
C p(△t f △t ma )
Raymer-Hunt-Gardner
[ 1 (△tma / △tc )]
s =
[ ρma ρf ]

Identify Oil/Gas/Water by Possion ratio
Possion ratio:
No. 62: 0.20
No.63: 0.15
No.64: 0.30

No 62 OIL/GAS zone
Well Test Result:
37.5 M3/Day Oil ,9.1X104 M3/Day
Gas
No 63 GAS zone
Well Test Result:
10.35X104 M3/Day Gas
No 64 Water zone

Shear/comp. Slowness ratio

between 1.8-1.9
Lithology: limestone
t s  2t p
2 2
POIS 
2( t s  t p )
2 2
3 t s  4 t p
2 2

Elastic Moduli
YMOD  ( )
t s t s  t p
2 2 2
3 t s  4 t p
2 2
BMOD   *( )
3 t s  t p
2 2

SMOD G
t s
2
 1 2
  ( 2  2 )
 t p t s

Criteria and mechanism of Rock failure
Too high mud density Well Liquid leakage

Tension Failures
High Hydraulic pressure Fracture Rock

Tan   St
Too small mud density St: Rock Tension Strength
Collapse of Well Bore
Shear Failures
Too small flow pressure
Sanding
Mohr-Columb mechanism

Sanding Potential Analysis & Mud Density Control
Rock Failure Mud Density

Wellbore Stability Suggestion
Washout appeared in bore hole when mud density was controlled out of secured window.

Hydraulic Fracturing Prediction
Hydraulic Fracture Migration
CLPsand
2968psi 200psi
400psi
600psi
800psi
1000psi

Break Out
Wave Trace
GR
CAL
Comp. Wave Shear Wave Stoneley Wave
Comp. Wave Shear Wave Stoneley Wave
BIT Amplitude Amplitude Amplitude
Attenuation Attenuation Attenuation
Rcvs: 1-8 Rcvs: 1-8 Rcvs: 1-8

Formation Stress induced formation Anisotropy

4. Dipmeter and Image Logs

4.1 Dipmeter log



Fault Dip Pattern in Muglad Basin,

Sudan
A B C
D E F

RESISTIVITY
ACOUSTIC
HEXDIP
GR
SP
VSP
Scale
0.5mm 5mm 5cm 50cm 5m

0.1mm 1mm 1cm 10cm 1m 10m
Conductive
Heterogeneities(volumes)
Molds Vugs Caves Caverns

Clay chips Shale lenses
Crystals
Rock fragments
Silt | Sand | | Pebble | Cobble | Boulder
Resistive
Shell Debris
Nodules
Crystals Sand lenses
Fractures
Small sedimentary features
Large sedimentary features
Sedimentary bodies
Faults

4.2 Resistivity Image log

4.3 Ultrasonic Image Log--CBIL

Acoustic imaging Log

Amplitude Time
Amplitude image
represents formation’s
impedance, and travel
time image indicates the
shape of the borehole
Rototing ultrasonic
transducer

Image Model
1# Block 3# Bedded 4# Scour 9# Cemented 10# Induced 11# Fault 17# Bright spot-18# Bright spotted19# Dark spot- 20#
12# Lamina
2# Flaser
plane surface fracture fracture ted gravelsvugs filled with chert Ted vugs Random
5# Uncon- 6# Uncon- 7# High and low 8# Net 13# Flat - Wavy 14# Monocline 15#Cross- 16# Symme- 22# Wood 21# Oblique 23#Unsymmetrical
24# Blank
formity I formity II angle fracture fractures beddding bedding bedding trical Delve ring feature delve model
Image Applications
1.Enhanced Sedimento-
logical Analysis
2.Potential Secondary
Porosity Identification and
Texture
3.Thin Bed Delineation
4.Fracture Analysis
5.High-Resolution Resistivity
for Improved Net Pay
Estimation
6.Fault Mapping
7.General Structural Analysis
8.Stress analysis
9.Perforation Inspection
X well
Image Sketch

China National
LogView Logging Corporation
Software
Vugs’
Parameters
Fractures’
Parameters

Schematic Plot
Reverse
Fault
Fault at
4547.5m
X1
N62 degree
X1
X2
X2
X3
X3
Srtucture Model

Table II.2 XX well Image log Analysis Result
Depth Formation Sedimentary Limits& Sedimentary Palaeo- Maxium Stress Dip& LOG
Lithlogy
(ft) Structure Sequen. Environment& Current (Direction) Azimuth Profile
Facies (Direction)
4300
The GR is more than 120 Api.

4350
the Resistivity is close to
10.ohmm and the average
sonic slowness is 90us/ft
Transgressive in the upper interval
x1 and regressive NW 310 NE-SW 3.8/NW 310 (4300-4414ft).the GR is
4400 environment. higher than 200 Api,
and the resistivity
is increased more than
10.ohmm in the lower
interval.
4450
The average Resistivity is

30.ohmm,the average sonic
4500 X2 Shallow Marine ? NE-SW 2.0/NW 315
slowness is 75 us/ft.
The GR and Resistivity curve are

M1 SE133 3.6/SE116
in the bell and box shape.
4550
The GR and Resistivity curve

M2 NE72 1.5/NE51
are in the box and bell shape
4600
4650
The resistivity value is decreased.
The GR and resistivity curve are
M3 SE140 0.9/SW 185
in the bell and funnel shape with
fine-up sequence.
4700 Shallow Marine W -E
The shale is increased.

4750 The GR and resistivity
M4 NE25 1.6/NE33
are in the bell shape
with fine-up sequence.
4800
The GR and resistivity are in

bell and funnel shape.Most
M5 SW 206 2.5/SW 194
interval are in the fine-up
4850 sequence.
4900

5. NMR Logs
it uses the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance to measure the
volume of hydrogen protons in the pore space.
N
+
+ + S
+ +
+
+ S
N
S N N
2 p 
 
S S
h I
Magnetization
S S
N N
t
8
N
N S
N
S
N
S N S N
z
N N Many spins Bo
N S M
N S f o
S S
S S S
S N y
x
N N N
S
S  h I ( I + 1)
2 2
M N × B
3 KT

90 ° pulse
90 ° pulse
FID
Time
TE
90° 180° 2t 180° 4t 180° 6t 180° 8t

MRIL Data Analysis

ECHO TRAIN T2 SPECTRUM
MRIL Porosity T2 Cutoffs
()
Incremental Porositypu
20 4.00 4.00
T2 Decay 3.00 3.00

Amplitude
15
Echo
2.00 2.00
10 Transform
MCBW MBVI MBVM
1.00 1.00
5
0.00 0.00
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time (ms) T2 Decay (ms)
Clay- Capillary
Matrix Dry Bound Mobile Hydrocarbon
Clay Bound
Water Water Water
Resistivity-Based Saturation Analysis

Volumetric model of the invaded zone
Matrix & Clay Capillary Moveable

Bound Bound Water Mud filtrate Oil Gas
Dry Clay Water Water
MCBW MPHI
BVI MFFI
MSIG
MRIL Porosity response

NMR Permeability Models

Kenyon Model:
  a   b
k C   NMR÷  T2 Geo. Mean÷
   
Coates-Timur Model :
   a BVM  b
 ÷ 
NMR
k ÷
 C   BVI 
Where assumed default parameters are: C =10, a = 4 & b = 2
Note: These models will produce a permeability index

unless explicitly calibrated to local reservoir data.
Basic MRIL Field Deliverable

Resistivity &
GR T2 Spectra Pore Volumetrics
Permeability
MBVM MBVI
MCBW
Permeability

Direct Hydrocarbon Typing

Differential Spectrum Method
Brine
Porosity
Long Recovery
Time (TR) Gas
Oil
Porosity
Short Recovery
Time (TR)
Porosity
Difference
T2 Time (ms)
1 10 100 1,000 10,000

MPERM MPHI
Core PERM Core PHI


GOM Reservoir Example

Conventional Logs
•
60 Density Porosity 60
0 Density Porosity 0
Neutron/Density
Ray (GAPI)150 0.2
er (in)
0
0
16 0.2
6
Gamma
Shallow Ray
GR (api)
Medium
Caliper
(GAPI)150 0.2
Resistivity
Resistivity
(in)
20
150 0.2
16 0.2
20
Shallow Resistivity
Rxo
Medium Resistivity
20 60
20
60
20
60
Neutron Porosity
Density Porosity
Cross Plot Porosity
0 60
600
600
Neutron Porosity
Cross Plot Porosity

NMR-Resistiv
separation over
NMR Effective Porosity 0
0
most of
0
Integration
the interval indicates a Id
Depth
-100 SP (mv) 100 0.2 Medium Resistivity 20 60 Neutron Porosity 0 Free Immobile
mv) 100-100
0.2 DeepSP (mv)
Resistivity 1000.2
20 Deep Resistivity 20
Water Water
0.2 Deep Resistivity 20
2 Permeability (md) 200

high shale content.
Hydrocarbons Additional Re
and Water-Fre
• ConventionalProduction
resistivity Fr
analysis across the
Resistivity Pa
interval in question
OftoMexico
shows the zone have a
water saturation ranging
XX200 from 70 to 80 percent.
Interval in Interval Tes

question. +2000 BO
(water-fr
Logging Basic, November 2005

Low resistivity Reservoir Example

0 GR (api) 150 0.2 Rxo 20 60 Density Porosity 0 60 NMR Effective Porosity 0 NMR-Resistivity
-100 SP (mv) 100 0.2
0.2
Medium Resistivity
Deep Resistivity
20 60
20
Neutron Porosity 0 Free
Water
Immobile
Water Integration Identifies
2 Permeability (md) 200
Hydrocarbons Additional Reserves
and Water-Free
Production From Low
Resistivity Pay, Gulf
Of Mexico
Interval Tested at
+2000 BOPD
(water-free)

Integration of NMR with Conventional Logs

Conventional
NMR Log Data 0 Gamma Ray (GAPI)150 0.2
0
Log Data Shallow Ray
Gamma (GAPI)150 0.2
Resistivity 20 Shallow Resistivity
60
60
20
Density Porosity
Neutron Porosity
0
60
600
Density Porosity
Neutron Porosity
0
6 Caliper (in) 16 0.2

6 Medium Resistivity
Caliper (in) 20
16 0.2 Medium Resistivity 20
60 Cross Plot Porosity 600 Cross Plot Porosity 0
Depth
Depth
-100 SP (mv) 100-100
0.2 DeepSP (mv)
Resistivity 100 0.2
20 Deep Resistivity 20
XX200 XX200
Fully Integrated
Evaluation
• Total Porosity Improved Determination of

• Effective Porosity
• Clay bound water volume • Reservoir Quality
• Irreducible water volume • Net Pay
• HC & moveable water volume • Water-free Productive Zones
• Residual HC volume • Reservoir Storage Capacity
• Shale volume • Hydrocarbon In-Place
• Permeability • Recoverable Reserves
• Oil viscosity • Hydrocarbon Mobility
• HC typing • Reservoir Production Rates
6. Formation Tester
FMT (Formation Multi-Tester)
RCI (Reservoir Characterization Instrument)
•Cost efficient sampling

•Efficient recovery of multiple
•Real-time downhole fluid assessment
•High-resolution pressure measurements
•Validated pressure test measurements
•High sample volume

FMT

NORMAL PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

INVADED ZONE
MUDCAKE
FORMATION
HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE
PRESSURE DROPPED FORMATION

ACROSS MUDCAKE PRESSURE
High permeability formation
SUPERCHARGED PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

PRESSURE DROP DEEP
INTO FORMATION
HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE
TRUE FORMATION
PRESSURE
Low permeability formation

Logging Basic, November 2005


RCI
•a modular formation testing and
sampling tool designed to
provide a more complete
description of reservoir fluid
behavior.

7. Production Logs
Productive dynamic logging
Producing Pay Evaluation logging
Flow meter log
Temperature log
Pressure log
Fluid density log
Water holdup log
Carbon / Oxygen log


71: oil 15t/d,

water 37m3/d
72: oil 7t/d,

water 203m3/d
Main
water
Production Flow Profile Track 1:

GR
Track 2:
CCL
Track 3:
Perforation
Track 4:
TEMP, FCAP,
PRES, FDEN
Track 5:
SPNR
Track 6:
Total Oil rate
Track 7:
Zone Oil rate
8. Engineering Logs
8.1 Cement Logs
CBL&VDL
SBT

8.2 Erosion Log--MIT
MULTI-FINGER IMAGINGTOOL SYSTEM FOR TUBULAR INSPECTION
Corrosion Assessment
Casing Wear
Casing Deformation
Perforation Mapping


9. MWD & LWD

Why need MWD&LWD?


Density, Neutron, Acoustic

GR
Direction
Resistivity
Sonic Real time reservoir evaluation
NMR Cut cost
Seismic


One Example about Horizontal well log interpretation
X well trajectory and log interpretation Result
legend
Sand-
stone
Shale-
stone
Shaly
sand-
stone

III . Reservoir Evaluations
1. Reservoir describe parameters:
 Height
Area ( as the complementarity of seismic)
 Porosity
 Saturation
 Permeability

3. Evaluation Methods
3.1 Shale volume ( Vsh): GR, SP
3.2 Porosity: Density, Neutron, Acoustic
Crossplot methods( Den +Neu; Neu+AC)


3.3 Saturation
3.3.1 Archie formula– pure sand
aRw
Sw  (
1
) n
 Rt m
n: water saturation exponent
m: cement exponent
a: formation resistivity factor

3.3.2 Simandoux formula -- shaly sand
1  SwVsh  Sw  m 2
  
Rt  Rsh aRw 
m: formation exponent
a: formation resistivity factor

3.3.3 Dual water model-- shaly sand
RwfRwb
Rt 
 SwbRwb + ( Swt  Swb ) Rwb Swt
2
Rwf: resistivity of free water
Rwb: resistivity of bound water
Swb: saturation of bound water
Swt: saturation of total water

3.3.4 Process methods
1) Volume model
△t = △tf * + △t1 *V1+ △t2 * V2 + △t3 * V3

b = f * + 1 * V1 + 2 * V2+ 3 * V3
N = f* + 1 * V1 + 2 * V2 + 3 * V3
1 =  + V1 + V2 +V3

Sand, CRA, POR, V1
Cyberlook V2
V3
3.4 Permeability
K= f (, Vsh, Swi….)
3.4.1 0.054*4
Perm=
Swi
3.4.2 Kint=104.4+A+3.0*lg  -2.0lg(1- )

Basic Evalunation procedure

Identify reservoir rocks

Identify Hydrocarbon zones

Gas-oil differentiation

Porosity calculation

Determine Rw

Sw computation

Summary for Processing

Main Conventional Logging processing software
● Express: CRA, SAND, CLASS, OPTIMA
● GeoFrame: PVP, ELAN
● DPP: CORAL, PRONTO, LARA, SASHA
● CNLC: DAFALS, Multi-Mineral Analysis

Conventional logs and result

CRA result

2) Optimization methods
T V R
T=R*V
V=R/T
R V T
Forward Model Inverse Model

t: The tool vector—all logging instrument data and synthetic curves.
v: The volume vector, the volumes of formation components.
R: The response matrix, containing the parameter values for what each tool would
read, given 100% of each formation component.

Arithmetic for Optimal Forward Model
GR UGR -1 GR_VSHALE SP_VSHALE . . . CT10_VSHALE

VSHALE
USP
SP
URHOB GR_ VCAL SP_VCAL . . . CT10_VCAL
VCAL
= RHOB
x UNPHI x
NPHI ... ... ... ... ...
...
UCT1
...
GR_VXX SP_VXX ... CT10_VXX
VXX
CT10 ...

Arithmetic for Optimal Inversion Model
GR_REC
GR_VSHALESP_VSHALE . . .CT10_VSHALE UGR -1
SP_REC VSHAL USP
RHOB_REC URHOB
GR_ VCAL SP_VCAL . . . CT10_VCAL E
NPHI_REC
= /( x UNPHI )
... ... ... ... ... VCAL ...
CT1_REC UCT1
GR_VXX SP_VXX . . . CT10_VXX ...
... ...
VXX

CNLC advanced products
Multi-Mineral Analysis
Elan Plus



CNLC
Logging data processed by optimal method

The basic procedure of reservoir evaluation

(multi-well evaluation and reservoir study)
● Formation correlation
● Review the interpretation result
● Re-processing and re-evaluation
● Sedimentology study
● Reservoir description

SI1 W1 MI1 MP4
2000
2100
2200
MS0
2300
MS1
MS2
2400
MS3
MS4 MS0
2500 MS5
MS1
MS6
2600 MS2
MS7 MS3
MS8 MS4
2700
MS9 MS5
MS6
MS10
2800
MS7
MS11
MS8
2900
MS12
MS9
MS13
MS13 MS10
MS11 MS12
3000

X Fm. bottom: shale and limestone

Welltest result
Gas
Ga
D Fm.: Limestone and dolomite s
Interface of Gas & Water
X Gas field formation

correlation

Geoscience@cnlc.cn


Logging Basic: by Mr. Li Ming November. 2005, Beijing

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Logging Basic: by Mr. Li Ming November. 2005, Beijing

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China National Logging Corporation

November. 2005, Beijing

Logging Basic, November 2005 1

Logging Basic, November 2005 2

Water zone Hydrocarbon zone

Water zone Hydrocarbon zone

Pore space properties Resistivity Logs

Density of rocks Porosity Log

Logging Basic, November 2005 5

GR ：GR （Gamma Ray）

Logging Basic, November 2005 6

mud fresh connate

Ed is potential at sand formation , ––

Logging Basic, November 2005 8

Logging Basic, November 2005 9

(1) identify permeable zones ;

(3) compute shale content ;

(4) determine values of formation water resistivity

Logging Basic, November 2005 10

1.1.1 identify permeable zones 1.1.2 define bed boundaries

Logging Basic, November 2005 11

1.1.3 compute shale content

1.1.4 determine values of formation water resistivity

Logging Basic, November 2005 12

Logging Basic, November 2005 13

1.2.2 GR Log and SL Log

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1.2.3 Application of Gamma Ray Log

Well to well correlation

Positioning the sampling

Providing depth control

General lithology indicator

Quantitative shale volume

Logging Basic, November 2005 16

shale content indicator

Vsh= (2sh*GCUR  1) / (2GCUR 1)

Gcur=3.7, new formation

Logging Basic, November 2005 17

Spectral log application

Logging Basic, November 2005 18

Spectral Log interpretation

Logging Basic, November 2005 19

Clay type analysis

mixed layer illite

Depositional environment study

Logging Basic, November 2005 21

2.1 Micro-resistivity Log: MSFL

2.2 Induction Log: DPIL( ILD / ILM)

2.3 Laterolog: DLL (LLD / LLS)

Logging Basic, November 2005 22

2.1 Micro-resistivity Log----MSFL

2.2 Induction Log

Logging Basic, November 2005 25

Logging Basic, November 2005 26

2.2.2 HDIL log

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Logging Basic, November 2005 29

A constant survey current is “forced” into the formation by guard

Logging Basic, November 2005 32

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