COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

POWER SUPPLY
• The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer, which steps that ac voltage down to the level of the desired dc output.
• A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage.
• This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation.
• A regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value even if the input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the
output dc voltage changes.
• This voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of the popular voltage regulator IC units.

• LOAD
• IC REGULATOR
• FILTER
• RECTIFIER
• TRANSFORMER
• Block Diagram of Power supply

• Working principle
• Transformer
• The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to (0-6V) level.
• Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the precision rectifier, which is constructed with the help of op–amp.
• The advantages of using precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as DC, rest of the circuits will give only RMS output.
 DRIVER CIRCUIT

• The ULN2003 is a monolithic high voltage and high current Darlington transistor arrays.

• It consists of seven NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp diode for
switching inductive loads.

• The collector-current rating of a single Darlington pair is 500mA.

• The Darlington pairs may be paralleled for higher current capability.

• Applications include relay drivers, hammer drivers, lamp drivers, display drivers (LED gas discharge), line drivers,
and logic buffers.

• The ULN2003 has a 2.7kW series base resistor for each Darlington pair for operation directly with TTL or 5V
CMOS devices.

• FEATURES

• * 500mA rated collector current (Single output)

• * High-voltage outputs: 50V

• * Inputs compatible with various types of logic.

• * Relay driver application

 DC motor

• A DC motor is designed to run on DC electric power.

• Two examples of pure DC designs are Michael Faraday's homopolar motor (which is
uncommon), and the ball bearing motor, which is (so far) a novelty.

• By far the most common DC motor types are the brushed and brushless types, which use
internal and external commutation respectively to create an oscillating AC current from the
DC source—so they are not purely DC machines in a strict sense.

• We in our project are using brushed DC Motor, which will operate in the ratings of 12v DC
0.6A which will drive the flywheels in order to make the robot move.
 PIC16F877A
• The term PIC, or Peripheral Interface Controller, is the name given by Microchip Technologies to its single – chip microcontrollers. PIC micros have
grown to become the most widely used microcontrollers in the 8- bit microcontroller segment.

• The PIC16F877A CMOS FLASH-based 8-bit microcontroller is upward compatible with the PIC16C5x, PIC12Cxxx and PIC16C7x devices. It
features 200 ns instruction execution, 256 bytes of EEPROM data memory, self programming, an ICD, 2 Comparators, 8 channels of 10-bit Analog-to-
Digital (A/D) converter, 2 capture/compare/PWM functions, a synchronous serial port that can be configured as either 3-wire SPI or 2-wire I2C bus, a
USART, and a Parallel Slave Port.

• Special Microcontroller Features

• Flash Memory: 14.3 Kbytes (8192 words)

• Data SRAM: 368 bytes

• Data EEPROM: 256 bytes

• Self-reprogrammable under software control

• In-Circuit Serial Programming via two pins (5V)

• Watchdog Timer with on-chip RC oscillator

• Programmable code protection

• Power-saving Sleep mode

• In-Circuit Debug via two pins

• 10-bit, 8-channel A/D Converter

• Brown-Out Reset

• Analog Comparator module

• Pin Configuration And Description
• Pin Diagram of PIC16F877A

• The pins RB0-RB7, RC0-RC7, and RD0-RD7 are digital I/O pins. The pins CCP1 and CCP2, which
share locations with RC1 and RC2, can be used for a PWM signal (see DC Motor tutorial).
• The pins AN0-AN7 are for analog I/O (see Photo resistor tutorial).
• TX and RX are for debugging I/O (see Output Messages to Computer tutorial).
• The remaining pins deal with power/ground, the clock signal, and programmer I/O.
• A PIC is made of several “ports.” Each port is designated with a letter, RB0-RB7 are a port. RC0-
RC7 and RD0-RD7 are a port as well. RA0-RA5 and RE0-RE2 are also ports, but with fewer pins.

• Some of these pins have special purposes, but most can be used as basic input/output pins.

• For example, you can set pin RB0 to be either an input pin, or an output pin.

• As an input pin, the digital voltage on the pin can be read in.

• For example, if RB0 is connected to ground (0v), then you would read a digital 0. If RB0 was
connected to power (5v), then you would read a digital 1.

• On the other hand, if you wanted to set RBO as an output pin, you could choose to make RB0 either
be 5v, or 0v. This can be used, for example, to turn off or on a LED, or to turn off or on a motor.
 RF RECEIVER

• The receiver also operates at 433.92MHz, and has a sensitivity of 3uV.

• The TWS-434 receiver operates from 4.5 to 5.5 volts-DC, and has both linear and digital
outputs. The P2_0, P2_1, P2_2 and P2_3 pin of controller is assumed as data transmit pins.

• The DATA_OUT pin of RF Transmitter is connected to the DATA_IN pin of DECODER and
then the data is processed by the decoder. Radio Frequency, any frequency within the
electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio wave propagation.

• When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, an electromagnetic field is created that then is

able to propagate through space. Many wireless technologies are based on RF field
propagation.
 RF TRANSMITTER

The TWS-434 transmitter accepts both linear and digital inputs can operate from 1.5 to 12 Volts-
DC, and makes building a miniature hand-held RF transmitter very easy. The P2_0, P2_1, P2_2
and P2_3 pin of controller is assumed as data transmit pins.

The DATA_OUT pin of encoder is connected to the DATA_IN pin of RF Transmitter and then the
RF Transmitter transmits the data to the receiver.