RELATION AND

FUNCTIONS
 Relations
 A set of ordered pairs.
 A relationship between sets of
information.
 The concept of relation is useful in describing
many situations in real life. For example,

1. The price of goods depends on the

demand.
2. The number of customers in a grocery
depends on the time of the day.
3. The number of teachers in a certain
school depends on the enrolment.
4. The bus fare depends on the number
of kilometres travelled.
Relations can be described by the
following:
1. mapping diagram

1 5
2 4
3 8
4 10
5 7

X Y
x -2 -1 0 1
y 3 4 5 6
4. Graph
 FUNCTION
• A function is a relationship
between an input (‘x’ value) and
output (‘y’ value) in which there is
ONLY ONE output for each input.
 What are Functions?
• Functions show relationships between
inputs and outputs.

• The formula C∘ = (5/9)(F∘ - 32) shows

the relationship between degree
Celsius and degree Fahrenheit
 Function Example
• Degrees Celsius versus Fahrenheit:
Fahrenheit 0 32 70 100 125 212

Celsius -18 0 21 38 52 100

• Note that for each input, there is ONLY

ONE possible output.
 Contra-Example
• Imagine a machine that takes the
square root of each input

y=± x
• Is this a function?
 Contra-Example
• Imagine a machine that takes the
square root of each input

y=± x
• Is this a function?
• No!, for each input there are TWO
outputs. If ‘x’ is 4, y is BOTH 2 and -2
 Functions and Tables
• Consider the table below. Is it a
function?
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 7 11 15 19 23 27
 Functions and Tables
• Consider the table below. Is it a
function?
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 7 11 15 19 23 27

• The equation is y = 4x + 7.
 Another Example
• Is this relationship a function?

x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 7 7 7 7 7 7
 Another Example
• Is this relationship a function?
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 0 -2, 2 -4, 4 -6, 6 -8, 8 -10, 10
 Another Example

x 0 1 2 3 4 5

y 0 -2, 2 -4, 4 -6, 6 -8, 8 -10, 10

 Functions
• Remember that for a relationships to
be a function, there can be ONLY ONE
output for each input.
• The ‘x’ value is the INPUT and the ‘y’
value is the OUTPUT.
 Graphical Example
• Does this graph represent a function?
 Graph Example
• Is this relationship a function?
 Vertical Line Test
• If you can move a Vertical Line across
the graph and NEVER have the line
touch more than ONE point on the
graph, it is a function.
 Example
• Does this graph represent a function?
 Functional Notation
Example:
y = 2x + 6 can be written as f(x) = 2x + 6.

Given the equation y = 2x + 6, evaluate when x = 3.

y = 2(3) + 6
y = 12
For the function f(x) = 2x + 6, the notation f(3)
means that the variable x is replaced with the
value of 3.

f(x) = 2x + 6
f(3) = 2(3) + 6
f(3) = 12
Given f(x) = 4x + 8, find each:
1. f(2) = 4(2) + 8
= 16

2. f(a +1) = 4(a + 1) + 8

= 4a + 4 + 8
= 4a + 12
3. f(4a)
= 4(-4a) + 8
= -16a+ 8
 Non-Linear Example
• Functions can also be non-linear.
• If f(x) = 2x2 what is f(5)?
• f(x) = 2(5)2 or 50
 Examples
• If f(x) = -3x – 6 find f(4)

• If g(x) = (2/3)x + 11 find g(12)

• If h(x) = -2x3 – 4 find h(2)

 Examples
• If f(x) = -3x – 6 find f(4)
f(4) = -3(4) – 6
= -18
• If g(x) = (2/3)x + 11 find g(12)
g(12) = (2/3)(12) + 11
=19
• If h(x) = -2x3 – 4 find h(2)
h(2) = -2(2)3 – 4
= -20
 Challenge
• If f(x) = 2x + 4 and g(x) = -3x - 8
then… what is f(g(5)) ?
• If f(x) = 2x + 4 and g(x) = -3x - 8
then… what is f(g(5)) ?

g(5) = -3(5) – 8
= -23

f(-23) = 2(-23) + 4
= -42

So f(g(5)) = -42
 Domain
• What are the possible values of ‘x’ in
the following function?

f (x) = + x
• ‘x’ can only be a non-negative number
• We say the Domain of ‘x’ is x ≥ 0
 Domain
• The Domain of a function is the set
of possible inputs (x-values) that
produce a valid output (y-value).
 Examples
• Find the Domains for the following
functions:

f (x) = -2x +1

g(x) = 3 / x
 Examples
• Find the Domains for the following
functions:
f (x) = -2x +1 x = all real numbers

g(x) = 3 / x x≠0
Range
 Range
• What are the possible outputs in the
following function:
f(x) = ⎜x⎜
• The outputs are all non-negative.
We say the Range includes all
numbers greater than or equal
to 0, or f(x) ≥ 0
 Range
• Range is the set of possible
output values for a function.
 Examples
• Find the range of the following
functions:

f (x) = -2x +1 f(x) = all real

numbers

g(x) = x 2
g(x) ≥ 0
• Find the domain and range of the given
graph.

• Domain is all real numbers

• Range is ≤ 0
 From Ordered Pairs
• Find the domain and range of the
following relationship:

•{ (1,3), (2,6), (3,9), (4,12) }

• Domain: {1, 2, 3, 4}
• Range: {3, 6, 9, 12}
 Domain and Range of Functions
Represented by Graphs
Graph Solution

-4 -2 2 4

-2

-4
Graph Solution

-4 -2 2 4

-2

-4
Graph Solution

-4 -2 2 4

-2

-4
Graph Solution

-1 2 4 6

-2

-4
 Domain & Range of a Function
Represented by Equations
• If the equation is given, the domain can be determine
by finding the values of x which are excluded as inputs
of the function.

Not Allowed to Happen Reason

A denominator of zero. Division of zero is undefined.
Getting the square root of a The square root of a negative
negative number. number is imaginary.

• In getting the range, express y in terms of x and look for

the same conditions as the above cases which makes a
value excluded as outputs to function.
Find the domain and range of the following:
Find the domain and range of the following:
Find the domain and range of the following:
 (Domain: The radicand must not be
negative.)

Range: Express x in terms of y.