INFANCY STAGE

JIGO C. PEREZ
• Growth and development of an infant
- Infants grow rapidly both in size and in their ability to perform tas
Physical growth
• Weight
- Double their weight at 4 to 6 months
- Triple their weight at 1 year
- In 6 months the infant gain weight up to 2 lbs.
Height
- Increase height during first year by 50% or 20 inches to 30 inches
Head circumference
- In the first year the brain has already reached two thirds of its adult size
- Head appears asymmetric until the second half of the first year
• Body proportion
- From newborn to typical infant appearance
- Mandible becomes more prominent
- Lower jaw is prominent
- Chest circumference is generally less than that of the head at birth by
2cm
- Lengthening of the lower extrimities during the last 6 months of
infancy
• Body system
- CR is 160 to 120 by the end of the first year
- Heart is becoming more efficient is pulse rate is lessen and elevated blood
pressure ( 80 to 40 to 100 to 60 mm Hg)
- Respiratory rate of an infant is 30 to 60 breaths per minute and to 20 to 30
by the end of the first year
- Immune system of an infant becomes functional at the age of 2 months
Teeth
- First baby tooth erupts in 6 months
- New one monthly
- Temporary teeth or deciduous teeth
Motor development
- Control proceeding to head to trunk to lower extrimities
Gross motor development
- Ventral suspension position
- Landau reflex
- Parachute reaction
- Prone position
- Neck righting reflex
- Sitting position
- Standing position
• Fine motor development
- One month the infant has a strong grasp reflex
- 2 months the child will hold to an object and in few minutes dropping it.
- 3 months reach attractive objects in front of them
- 4 months infants bring their hands together and pulls at their clothes
- THUMB OPPOSITION ability to bring the thumb and fingers together
- Five months old can accept object that are handed to them and grasp with the whole
hand
- 6 months child hold object in two hands
- 7 months can transfer 1 to in another hand
- 10 months can use pincer grasp
- 12 months the child can draw semi straight line
DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONES
Language development
- Begins to make small, cooing sounds by the end of the first month
- 2 months old differentiates to cry
- 3 months old is a friendly sound voice
- 4 months infants are very talkative
- 6 months they learn art of imitation
- 7 months can do bowel sounds
- 9 months speaks dada or baba
- 10 months infant masters bye bye
- 12 months can say two words like mama and dada
Play
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DEVELOPMENT OF SENSES
Vision
- In one month old they regard and object in the mid line of their vision
- Two months old the infants can focus well, Binocular vision
- 3 month old can follow the object across their midline
- 4 month old recognize familiar object
Hearing
- 5 months can demonstrate localized sounds downward and to the side
- 12 months infant can already locate sounds in any direction
- 10 months can actually realize their names
Touch
- Infant need to touch to experience skin to skin contact
- Diapers should be dry
Taste
- Infants has a acute sense of taste by turning away or spitting out the
taste.
Smell
- Can smell accurately one to two hours after birth
- they can identify smell of breast milk
Emotional Development
- Learning how to interact with others is an extensive phenomenon
- Social smile
- 3 months increase social awareness, laugh
- 4 months entertaining people then the infant leaves, infant cry
- 6 months they recognize people who regularly care for them and stranger
- 8 months fear of strangers
Cognitive development
- First month show the infant simply uses reflex activity
PROMOTING TRUST AND MISTRUST
Promoting infant safety
- Accidents are leading cause of death in children in one moth through
24 years of age
- Prone to infection
Aspiration prevention
- Is a potential threat to infants throughout the first year. Round,
cyndrical objects are more dangerous than square.
- Fall prevention
- Car safety
- Safety with siblings
- Bathing and swimming safety
- Child proofing
Accident Prevention measures for infants
• General
• Falls
• Motor vehicle
• Suffocation
• Drowning
• Animal bites
• Poisoning
• burns
PROMOTING HEALTH OF AN INFANT
• Recommended dietary reference intakes for an infant
- High protein and high calorie is needed
- Breast fed gains less wright than thise formula fed
Loss of extrusion reflex
- Automatic sxtrusion or thrust out of the mouth by tongue
- It protects infant in aspiration
Introduction od solid food
- Infants are ready in solid food if they were taking 32oZ of formula a
day and not been satisfied
Techniques for feeding solid food
- Teach parents to offer new food
- Best for first solid food feeding by an infant is held by parents arm
Quantities and types of food
- Cereal
- Newborn stomach can hold up to 2 table spoons, 1 year can hold 240ml
- Vegetables and fruits
- Meat and eggs
- Table food
PROMOTING INFANT DEVELOPMENT IN DAILY
ACTIVITIES
• Bathing
• Diaper area care
• Care of teeth
• Dressing
• Sleep
• Exercise
PARENTAL CONCERNS AND PROBLEMS
RELATED TO NORMAL INFANT DEVELOPMENT
Teething
- Gums are sore tender before a new tooth breaks the surface
- Infants can have resistant to chew
Thumb sucking
- Sucking reflex peaks at 6 to 8 months
- Assure parents that thumb sucking is normal and does nt deform jaw
line
Use of pacifiers
- It can be a increase incidence of otitis media
Head banging
- Child head bangs against the bars and crib for a period od time before fallinf
asleep
SLEEP PROBLEMS
- It is develop in early infancy because of colic or because otherwise healthy infant
takes longer than usual to adjust sleeping through night.
- Breast feed babies are easily to to wake up because breast fed is easily to digest.
Constipation
- It may occur to formula fed babies if their diet is deficient in fluid
Loose stools
- unfamiliar Color consistency of normal stools of a newborn, so they mistakenly
report normal stooling as diarhea
Colic
- Paroxysmal abdominal pain that generally occurs in infants under 3
nbths of age,
- It maybe susceptible in infants over feeding and swallowing
Diaper Dermatitis
- Problems in sensitive skin infants
- occurs if the parent is not change the diaper frequently
- Feces is left uncontact