Prelude to an Exam

Allegro con brio

 Next Friday – EXAMINATION #2
 Watch those WebAssigns .. no more
extensions.
 Monday will be
• A Quiz on Circuits
• A review of circuits and some other problems.
 Wednesday, more on Magnetism. Only day 1
on the exm. Watch for a new Webassign.

Magnetism 1
 Magnetism
A Whole New Topic

Magnetism 2
DEMO

Magnetism 3
 Lodestone (Mineral)
• Lodestones attracted
iron filings.
• Lodestones seemed to
attract each other.
• Used as a compass.
– One end always
pointed north.
• Lodestone is a natural
magnet.
Magnetism 4
 Magnetism
• Refrigerators are attracted to magnets!

Magnetism 5
 Applications
• Motors
• Navigation – Compass
• Magnetic Tapes
– Music, Data
• Television
– Beam deflection Coil
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• High Energy Physics Research
Magnetism 6
 Magnets
• Like Poles Repel
• Opposite Poles
Attract
S N
• Magnetic Poles are
only found in pairs.
– No magnetic
monopoles have
ever been
Shaded End is NORTH Pole observed.
Shaded End of a compass points
to the NORTH.

Magnetism 7
 +

Observations
+ +

• Bring a magnet to a charged electroscope and

nothing happens. No forces.
• Bring a magnet near some metals (Co, Fe, Ni
…) and it will be attracted to the magnet.
– The metal will be attracted to both the N and S
poles independently.
– Some metals are not attracted at all.
– Wood is NOT attracted to a magnet.
– Neither is water.
• A magnet will force a compass needle to align
with it. (No big Surprise.)
Magnetism 8
 Magnets

Cutting a bar magnet in half produces TWO bar

magnets, each with N and S poles.

Magnetism 9
 Consider a Permanent Magnet


B
N S

Magnetism 10
 Introduce Another Permanent Magnet

B
N
N S
pivot

The bar magnet (a magnetic dipole) wants to align with the B-field.

Magnetism 11
 Field of a Permanent Magnet

B
N
N S

The south pole of the small bar magnet is attracted towards

the north pole of the big magnet.
Also, the small bar magnet (a magnetic dipole) wants to align
with the B-field.
The field attracts and exerts a torque on the small magnet.
Magnetism 12
 Field of a Permanent Magnet

B
N S
N S

The bar magnet (a magnetic dipole) wants to align with the B-field.

The field exerts a torque on the dipole

Magnetism 13
 The Magnetic Field
• Similar to Electric Field … exists in
space.
– Has Magnitude AND Direction.
• The “stronger” this field, the greater is
the ability of the field to interact with
a magnet.

Magnetism 14
Convention For Magnetic Fields

X
B 

Field INTO Paper Field OUT of Paper

Magnetism 15
Experiments with Magnets Show
• Current carrying wire produces a
circular magnetic field around it.

• Force on Compass Needle (or magnet)

increases with current.
Magnetism 16
 Current Carrying Wire

Current into
the page.

Right hand Rule-

Thumb in direction of the current
Fingers curl in the direction of B
Magnetism 17
 Current Carrying Wire
• B field is created at ALL POINTS in space
surrounding the wire.
• The B field had magnitude and direction.
• Force on a magnet increases with the
current.
• Force is found to vary as ~(1/d) from the
wire.

Magnetism 18
 Compass and B Field
• Observations
– North Pole of magnets
tend to move toward
the direction of B while
S pole goes the other
way.
– Field exerts a
TORQUE on a
compass needle.
– Compass needle is a
magnetic dipole.
– North Pole of
compass points
toward the NORTH.
Magnetism 19
 Planet Earth

Magnetism 20
 Inside it all.

8000
Miles

Magnetism 21
On the surface it looks like this..

Magnetism 22
 Inside: Warmer than Floriduh

Magnetism 23
 Much Warmer than Floriduh

Magnetism 24
 Finally

Magnetism 25
 In Between
 The molten iron core exists in a magnetic
field that had been created from other
sources (sun…).
 The fluid is rotating in this field.
 This motion causes a current in the molten
metal.
 The current causes a magnetic field.
 The process is self-sustaining.
 The driving force is the heat (energy) that
is generated in the core of the planet.
Magnetism 26
After molten lava emerges from a volcano, it solidifies to a
rock. In most cases it is a black rock known as basalt, which is
faintly magnetic, like iron emerging from a melt. Its
magnetization is in the direction of the local magnetic force
at the time when it cools down.

Instruments can measure the magnetization of basalt.

Therefore, if a volcano has produced many lava flows over a
past period, scientists can analyze the magnetizations of the
various flows and from them get an idea on how the direction
of the local Earth's field varied in the past. Surprisingly, this
procedure suggested that times existed when the
magnetization had the opposite direction from today's. All
sorts of explanation were proposed, but in the end the only
one which passed all tests was that in the distant past,
indeed, the magnetic polarity of the Earth was sometimes
reversed.
Magnetism 27
 Ancient Navigation

Magnetism 28
This planet is really screwed up!
NORTH
POLE

Magnetism
SOUTH POLE 29
 Repeat
Navigation
Navigation
DIRECTION
DIRECTION
N
If N direction S
is pointed to by
the NORTH pole
of the Compass
Needle, then the
pole at the NORTH
of our planet must
be a SOUTH MAGNETIC
Compass POLE!
S
Direction N

And it REVERSES from time to time.

Magnetism 30
Magnetism 31
 Rowland’s Experiment
Field is created by
any moving charge.

Increases with
Rotating
charge on the
INSULATING
Disk
xxx disk.
which is xxx B Increases with
CHARGED xxx angular velocity of
+ or – the disk.
on exterior.

++
Electrical curent is a
+ + ++ moving charge.

Magnetism 32
 A Look at the Physics
 There is NO force on
B a charge placed into a
magnetic field if the
q charge is NOT moving.

There is no force if the charge

moves parallel to the field.

v • If the charge is moving, there
is a force on the charge,

q B perpendicular to both v and B.
F=qvxB
Magnetism 33
WHAT THE HECK IS
THAT???
• A WHAT PRODUCT?
• A CROSS PRODUCT – Like an
angry one??
• Alas, yes ….
• F=qv X B

Magnetism 34
 The Lorentz Force

This can be summarized as:

  
F  qv  B
F
or: v

F  qvBsin  B mq

 is the angle between B and V

Magnetism 35
 Note

B is sort of the Force per unit

(charge-velocity)

Whatever that is!!

Magnetism 36
 Practice

B and v are parallel.

Crossproduct is zero.
So is the force.

Which way is the Force???

Magnetism 37
 Units
F  Bqv Sin(θ )
Units :

B
F

N

N
qv Cm / s Amp  m

Magnetism
1 tesla  1 T  1 N/(A - m) 38
 teslas are

At the Surface of the Earth 3 x 10-5 T

Typical Refrigerator Magnet 5 x 10-3 T

Laboratory Magnet 0.1 T

Large Superconducting Magnet 10 T

Magnetism 39
 The Magnetic Force is Different
From the Electric Force.
 
F  qE
Whereas the electric force
acts in the same direction as
the field:

  
The magnetic force acts in a
direction orthogonal to the
F  qv  B
field: (Use “Right-Hand” Rule to
determine direction of F)

Magnetism
And --- the charge must be moving !! 40
 So…
A moving charge can create a magnetic
field.
A moving charge is acted upon by a
magnetic field.

In Magnetism, things move.

In the Electric Field, forces and the
field can be created by stationary
charges.
Magnetism 41
 Trajectory of Charged Particles
in a Magnetic Field
(B field points into plane of paper.)
+ B + + + +B + v+ +
v
+ + + + + + + +

+ + F + + + + F + +

+ + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + +

Magnetism 42
 Trajectory of Charged Particles
in a Magnetic Field
(B field points into plane of paper.)
+ B + + + +B + v+ +
v
+ + + + + + + +

+ + F + + + + F + +

+ + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + +

Magnetism Magnetic Force is a centripetal force 43

 Review of Rotational Motion

s  = s / r  s =  r  ds/dt = d/dt r  v =  r
r
 = angle,  = angular speed,  = angular acceleration

at = r  tangential acceleration

ar = v2 / r radial acceleration
ar at
The radial acceleration changes the direction of motion,
while the tangential acceleration changes the speed.

Uniform Circular Motion

ar  = constant  v and ar constant but direction changes


KE = ½ mv2 = ½ mw2r2
v ar = v2/r = 2 r
Magnetism F = mar = mv2/r = m2r 44
Magnetism 45
 Radius of a Charged Particle
Orbit in a Magnetic Field
Centripetal Magnetic
v+ Force = Force
+B + +

mv 2
+ +
F
+ +
  qvB
r
+ + + +
mv
 r
r
+ + + +
qB
+ + + +
 
Note: as Fv , the magnetic
Magnetism force does no work! 46
 Cyclotron Frequency

v+ The time taken to complete one

+B + + orbit is:
2r
T 
+ + + + v
F 2 mv

+ + + + v qB

r
+ + + + 1 qB
f  
T 2 m
+ + + +
qB
 c  2f 
Magnetism
m 47
 More Circular Type Motion in a
Magnetic Field

Magnetism 48
 Mass Spectrometer

Smaller Mass

Magnetism 49
Magnetism 50
 Cyclotron Frequency

v+ The time taken to complete one

+B + + orbit is:
2r
T 
+ + + + v
F 2 mv

+ + + + v qB

r
+ + + + 1 qB
f  
T 2 m
+ + + +
qB
 c  2f 
Magnetism
m 51
 An Example
A beam of electrons whose kinetic energy is K emerges from a thin-foil
“window” at the end of an accelerator tube. There is a metal plate a distance d
from this window and perpendicular to the direction of the emerging beam. Show
that we can prevent the beam from hitting the plate if we apply a uniform
magnetic field B such that

2mK
B 2 2
ed

Magnetism 52
 Problem Continued
From Before
r mv
r
qB
1 2 2K
K  mv so v 
2 m
m 2K 2mK
r  2 2
d
eB m e B
Solve for B :
2mK
B
e2d 2
Magnetism 53
Some New Stuff

Magnetism and Forces

Magnetism 54
Let’s Look at the effect of crossed E and B Fields:

x x x B
E
x x x

q , m
•

Magnetism 55
What is the relation between the intensities of the electric and
magnetic fields for the particle to move in a straight line ?.

x x x B
E FE = q E and FB = q v B
x x x
If FE = FB the particle will move
v
following a straight line trajectory
q• m
qE=qvB

v=E/B
FB FE
•
Magnetism 56
 What does this mean??
This equation only
contains the E and
B fields in it.
v=E/B Mass is missing!
Charge is missing!
This configuration
is a velocity filter!

Magnetism 57
“Real” Mass Spectrometer

 Create ions from injected species.

 This will contain various masses, charges
and velocities.
 These are usually accelerated to a certain
ENERGY (KeV) by an applied electric
field.
 The crossed field will only allow a
selected velocity to go forward into the
MS.
 From before: R=mv/Bq

Magnetism 58
 Components of MS:
Accelerate the ions through a known potential difference .
1 2
mv  qVapplied
2
So
q 1 2 1
 v
m 2 Vapplied

The velocity can be selected via an E x B field and the MS will

separate by:
mv
R Unknown is mass to charge ratio
Bq which can be sorted from the spectrum
Magnetism 59
Magnetism 60
 VECTOR CALCULATIONS

i j k
a  b  ax ay az
bx by bz

Magnetism 61
 Problem: A Vector Example
A proton of charge +e and mass m is projected into a uniform
magnetic field B=Bi with an initial velocity v=v0xi +v0yj. Find
the velocity at a later time.

F  ev  B
i j k
F  vx vy v z  eB(v z j  v y k )  ma
B 0 0
dv x
max  m etc. for y and z.
dt
Equating components :
dv x dv y eB dv z eB
0  vz and   vy
dt dt m dt m
Magnetism vx is constant 62
 More
eB
Let  
m
d 2v y dv z
2
    2
vy
dt dt
d 2v y
2
  2
vy  0
dt
Simple circular motion!
v y  v0 y cos(t )
Same thing for z.

Magnetism 63
Magnetism 64
 Wires
• A wire with a current
contains moving charges.
• A magnetic field will
apply a force to those
moving charges.
• This results in a force
on the wire itself. F
– The electron’s sort of
PUSH on the side of the
wire.

Remember: Electrons go the “other way”.

Magnetism 65
 The Wire in More Detail
Assume all electrons are moving
with the same velocity vd.

L
q  it  i
vd
L
F  qvd B  i vd B  iLB
vd
vector :
F  iL  B

L in the direction of the motion

of POSITIVE charge (i).

B out of plane of the paper

Magnetism 66
 Magnetic Levitation
Magnetic Force

Current = i

mg
iLB  mg
Where does B point???? Into the paper.
mg
B
iL

Magnetism 67
 MagLev

Magnetism 68
 Magnetic Repulsion

Magnetism 69
 Detail

Magnetism 70
 Moving Right Along ….

Magnetism 71
 Acceleration

Magnetism 72
 Don’t Buy A Ticket Quite Yet..
This is still experimental.
Much development still required.
Some of these attempts have been
abandoned because of the high cost
of building a MagLev train.
Probably 10-20 years out.
Or More.

Magnetism 73
 Current Loop What is force
on the ends??

Loop will tend to rotate due to the torque the field applies to the loop.
Magnetism 74
 The Loop

OBSERVATION

Force on Side 2 is out

of the paper and that on
the opposite side is into
the paper. No net force
tending to rotate the loop
due to either of these forces.

The net force on the loop is

also zero,

pivot
Magnetism 75
 An Application
The Galvanometer

Magnetism 76
 The other sides
t1=F1 (b/2)Sin()
=(B i a) x (b/2)Sin()

total torque on
the loop is: 2t1

Total torque:

t=(iaB) bSin()
=iABSin()

(A=Area)
Magnetism 77
 Watcha Gonna Do
Quiz Today
Return to Magnetic Material
Exams not yet returned. Sorry.

Magnetism 78
 Wires
• A wire with a current
contains moving charges.
• A magnetic field will
apply a force to those
moving charges.
• This results in a force
on the wire itself. F
– The electron’s sort of
PUSH on the side of the
wire.

Remember: Electrons go the “other way”.

Magnetism 79
 The Wire in More Detail
Assume all electrons are moving
with the same velocity vd.

L
q  it  i
vd
L
F  qvd B  i vd B  iLB
vd
vector :
F  iL  B

L in the direction of the motion

of POSITIVE charge (i).

B out of plane of the paper

Magnetism 80
 Current Loop What is force
on the ends??

Loop will tend to rotate due to the torque the field applies to the loop.
Magnetism 81
 Last Time
t1=F1 (b/2)Sin()
=(B i a) x (b/2)Sin()

total torque on
the loop is: 2t1

Total torque:

t=(iaB) bSin()
=iABSin()

(A=Area)
Magnetism 82
 A Coil

For a COIL of N turns, the net Normal to the

torque on the coil is therefore : coil

τ  NiABSin(θ )

RIGHT HAND RULE TO FIND NORMAL

TO THE COIL:

“Point or curl you’re the fingers of your right

hand in the direction of the current and your
thumb will point in the direction of the normal
to the coil.

Magnetism 83
 Dipole Moment Definition

Define the magnetic

dipole moment of
the coil m as:

m=NiA

We can convert this

to a vector with A
as defined as being
normal to the area as
Magnetism in the previous slide.
84
 Current Loop

t  iAB sin 
Consider a coil with N turns of wire.
Define Magnetic Moment
μ  NiA
and
t  μB
Magnetism 85
A length L of wire carries a current i. Show that if the wire is
formed into a circular coil, then the maximum torque in a given
magnetic field is developed when the coil has one turn only, and
that maximum torque has the magnitude … well, let’s see.

L
Circumference = L/N 2r 
N
L
r
2N

Magnetism 86
 Problem continued…
t  NiAB since sin( m , B) is maximum
when the angle is 90o
A  r 2
2
 L 
t  NiB  
 2N 
2
L N  L2
t  iB     iB 
 (BiA)
 2N  4 N
2

Maximum when N  1 and

iBL2
t
Magnetism 4 87
 Energy

Like the electric dipole

U( )  -m  B
m and B want to be aligned!

Magnetism 88
The Hall Effect

Magnetism 89
What Does it Do?

• Allows the measurement of

Magnetic Field if a material is
known.
• Allows the determination of the
“type” of current carrier in
semiconductors if the magnetic
field is known.
• Electrons
• Holes
Magnetism 90
Hall Geometry (+ Charge)
 Current is moving
to the right. (vd)
 Magnetic field will
force the charge to
the top.
 This leaves a
deficit (-) charge on
the bottom.
 This creates an
electric field and a
potential difference.
Magnetism 91
Negative Carriers
 Carrier is negative.
 Current still to the
right.
 Force pushes
negative charges to
the top.
 Positive charge
builds up on the
bottom.
 Sign of the potential
difference is
Magnetism
reversed. 92
 Hall Math
balance :
• Eventually, the VHall
qvd B  qE Hall  q
field due to the w
Hall effect will or
allow the current VHall  wvd B
to travel un-
deflected through J  nevd  i / A
the conductor. vd 
i
neA
i
VHall  wvd B  wB
neA
A  wt
i iB
VHall  wB 
newt net
Magnetism 93
 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents

Chapter 30

Magnetism 94
 Try to remember…

1  r  dq 1 rdq
dE     2 
40  r  r 
40 r 3

r
 UNIT VECTOR
r
Magnetism 95
 For the Magnetic Field,
current “elements” create the
field. This is the Law of
Biot-Savart
In a similar fashion to E field :
m 0 ids  runit m 0 ids  r
B
4  r 2

4  r 3
permeabili ty
m 0  4 10 7 Tm / A  1.26 10 7 Tm
BY DEFINITION

Magnetism 96
 Magnetic Field of a Straight
Wire

• We intimated via magnets that the

Magnetic field associated with a
straight wire seemed to vary with 1/d.
• We can now PROVE this!

Magnetism 97
 From the Past

Using Magnets

Magnetism 98
 Right-hand rule: Grasp the
element in your right hand with
your extended thumb pointing
in the direction of the current.
Your fingers will then naturally
curl around in the direction of
the magnetic field lines due to
that element.

Magnetism 99
 Let’s Calculate the FIELD

Note:

For ALL current elements

ds X r

is into the page

Magnetism 100
 The Details
m 0 ids sin(  )
dB 
4 r2
Negative portion of the wire
contribute s an equal amount so we
integrate from 0 to  and DOUBLE it.

m 0i sin(  )ds
2 0
B
r2

Magnetism 101
 Moving right along

r  s R
2 2

R
sin   sin(    ) 
s2  R2
So

m 0i rds m 0i
B 
2 0 s 2  R 2 3 / 2

2R 1/d

Magnetism 102
 A bit more complicated
A finite wire

Magnetism 103
 P1

NOTE : sin(  )  sin(    )

ds  r  ds r sin(  )
r
R
  sin(  ) 
r
ds
m 0i ds sin(  )
dB 
4 r 2


r  s R 2

2 1/ 2

Magnetism 104
 More P1
L/2
m 0i ds
B 
4  L / 2 s  R 
2 2 3/ 2

and
m 0i L
B
2R L2  4 R 2
when L  ,
m 0i
B
Magnetism
2R 105
 P2

m 0iR 0
ds
4 L s 2  R 2 3 / 2
B

or
m 0i L
B
4R s 2  R 2
Magnetism 106
APPLICATION:
Find the magnetic field B at point P in for i = 10 A and a = 8.0
cm.

Magnetism 107
 Circular Arc of Wire

Magnetism 108
 More arc…

ds
ds  Rd 
m 0 ids m 0 iRd 
dB  
4 R 2
4 R 2
 
m 0 iRd  m 0i
B   dB     d
0
4 R 2
4R 0
m 0 i
B at point C
4R
Magnetism 109
 Howya Do Dat??

ds r  0
No Field at C

Magnetism 110
 Force Between Two Current
Carrying Straight Parallel
Conductors
Wire “a” creates
a field at wire “b”

Current in wire “b” sees a

force because it is moving
in the magnetic field of “a”.
Magnetism 111
 The Calculation
The FIELD at wire " b" due to
wire " a" is what we just calculated :
m 0ia
Bat "b" 
2d
Fon "b"  ib L  B
Since L and B are at right angles...
m 0 Lia ib
F
2d

Magnetism 112
 Definition of the Ampere
The force acting between currents in parallel
wires is the basis for the definition of the
ampere, which is one of the seven SI base
units. The definition, adopted in 1946, is
this: The ampere is that constant current
which, if maintained in two straight, parallel
conductors of infinite length, of negligible
circular cross section, and placed 1 m apart
in vacuum, would produce on each of these
conductors a force of magnitude 2 x 10-7
newton per meter of length.

Magnetism 113
 TRANSITION
AMPERE

Magnetism 114
 Welcome to
Andre’ Marie Ampere’s Law
Normally written as a “circulation” vector
equation.
We will look at another form, but first…

Magnetism 115
 Remember GAUSS’S LAW??

qenclosed
 E dA 
0
Surface
Integral

Magnetism 116
 Gauss’s Law
• Made calculations easier than
integration over a charge distribution.
• Applied to situations of HIGH
SYMMETRY.
• Gaussian SURFACE had to be defined
which was consistent with the geometry.

• AMPERE’S Law is the Gauss’ Law of

Magnetism! (Sorry)
Magnetism 117
 The next few slides have been
lifted from Seb Oliver
on the internet

Whoever he is!

Magnetism 118
 Biot-Savart
• The “Coulombs Law of Magnetism”

 m0  ids  rˆ
dB   
 4  r
2

Magnetism 119
 Invisible Summary
 m0  ids  rˆ
dB   
 4  r
2

• Biot-Savart Law
– (Field produced by wires) m0 I
B
2R
– Centre of a wire loop radius R
m NI
B 0
– Centre of a tight Wire Coil with N turns 2R
– Distance a from long straight wire
• Force between two wires B
m0 I
2a
• Definition of Ampere
F m 0 I1 I 2

Magnetism
l 2a 120
 Magnetic Field from a long wire
m0 I
Using Biot-Savart Law B 
2r
r
I
B Take a short vector
B  ds  B  ds cos
on a circle, ds
ds
  0  cos  1 B  ds  B ds

Thus the dot product of B & m0 I

B  ds  ds
the short vector ds is: 2r
Magnetism 121
 Sum .
B ds around a circular path

m0 I
r B  ds  ds
I 2r
B Sum this around the whole ring
ds m0 I m0 I
 B  ds 
2r
ds 
2r
ds

Circumference
 ds  2r m0 I
of circle   B  ds  2r  m 0 Ι
2r
Magnetism 122
 Consider a different path

B ds  0
• Field goes as
1/r
i
• Path goes as r.
• Integral
independent of
r
Magnetism 123
 SO, AMPERE’S LAW
by SUPERPOSITION:

We will do a LINE INTEGRATION

Around a closed path or LOOP.

Magnetism 124
 Ampere’s Law

 B  ds  m 0 ienclosed

USE THE RIGHT HAND RULE IN THESE CALCULATIONS

Magnetism 125
 The Right Hand Rule

Magnetism 126
 Another Right Hand Rule

Magnetism 127
 COMPARE

 B  d s  m 0 ienclosed

Line Integral

qenclosed
 E dA 
Surface Integral
0

Magnetism 128
 Simple Example

Magnetism 129
 Field Around a Long Straight Wire

 B  d s  m 0 ienclosed

B  2r  m 0i
m 0i
B
2r

Magnetism 130
 Field INSIDE a Wire
Carrying UNIFORM Current

Magnetism 131
 The Calculation

 B  ds  B  ds  2rB  m i
0 enclosed

r 2
ienclosed i 2
R
and
 m 0i 
B 2 
r
 2R 

Magnetism 132
 B

m 0i
2R

R r

Magnetism 133
 Procedure
• Apply Ampere’s law only to highly symmetrical
situations.
• Superposition works.
– Two wires can be treated separately and the
results added (VECTORIALLY!)
• The individual parts of the calculation can be
handled (usually) without the use of vector
calculations because of the symmetry.
• THIS IS SORT OF LIKE GAUSS’s LAW
WITH AN ATTITUDE!

Magnetism 134
The figure below shows a cross section of an infinite conducting sheet
carrying a current per unit x-length of l; the current emerges
perpendicularly out of the page. (a) Use the Biot–Savart law and
symmetry to show that for all points P above the sheet, and all points
P´ below it, the magnetic field B is parallel to the sheet and directed
as shown. (b) Use Ampere's law to find B at all points P and P´.

Magnetism 135
 FIRST PART

Vertical Components
Cancel

Magnetism 136
 Apply Ampere to Circuit
L

Infinite Extent

  current per unit length

Current inside the loop is therefore :
i  L

Magnetism 137
 The “Math”

Infinite Extent

 B  ds  m i
0 enclosed

BL  BL  m 0 L
m 0
B
Magnetism
2 138
 A Physical Solenoid

Magnetism 139
 Inside the Solenoid

For an “INFINITE” (long) solenoid the previous

problem and SUPERPOSITION suggests that the
field OUTSIDE this solenoid is ZERO!

Magnetism 140
 More on Long Solenoid
Field is ZERO!

Field looks UNIFORM

Field is ZERO

Magnetism 141
 The real thing…..
Finite Length

Weak Field

Stronger - Leakage

Magnetism 142
 Another Way

Ampere :

 B  ds  m i
0 enclosed

0h  Bh  m 0 nih
B  m 0 ni

Magnetism 143
 Application
• Creation of Uniform Magnetic Field
Region
• Minimal field outside
– except at the ends!

Magnetism 144
 Two Coils

Magnetism 145
 “Real” Helmholtz Coils

Used for experiments.

Can be aligned to cancel

out the Earth’s magnetic
field for critical measurements.

Magnetism 146
 The Toroid

Slightly less
dense than
inner portion

Magnetism 147
 The Toroid
Ampere again. We need only worry
about the INNER coil contained in
the path of integratio n :

 B  ds  B  2r  m Ni (N  total # turns)

0

so
m 0 Ni
B
2r

Magnetism 148