Clause

Grup:3

Ismail Alfikri
Lutfhian Ahmad
Nabil Izzul Haque
Mayda Pahinggis
What do you think about clause ?
• A clause is a group of related words.
• A clause has both a subject and a predicate.
• There are two types of clauses.

1. Independent Clause - An independent clause can

stand alone as a sentence.
Ex. We walk to school.
This sentence expresses a complete thought and can stand alone.

2. Dependent Clause - A dependent clause cannot

stand alone as a sentence.
Ex. When the cake is done baking
This clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone.
Independent Clause

1. What is an Independent Clause?

• An independent clause is a clause that can work alone as a complete

sentence. It contains a subject and a predicate that together express a
complete thought. An independent clause is also called a “main clause”
because it contains a sentence’s main idea, and as the main part, it isn’t
“dependent” on other clauses to make sense. But, a dependent clause
relies on an independent clause to make a full sentence. That means
that all sentences need an independent clause—no sentence can be
complete without one!
2. Examples of Independent Clause

• Here are some examples of independent clauses that you use every
day. As you can see, they each have only one subject and one predicate.

• My name is Lily.
• I travel extensively.
• I’m visiting China this summer.
• We really love pandas.
• Pandas eat bamboo!
• Some pandas are really giant.
3. Parts of Independent Clauses

• An independent clause only needs two main things to make sense on its own: a subject, and a
predicate. But, independent clauses may also have modifiers and objects to make them more
detailed.

a. Subject

• A sentence’s subject is the thing that is “doing” the action. Often it’s just a single noun (a person,
place, thing, or idea), but it can also be a gerund or a noun phrase that uses other modifiers. Here
are some examples of subjects:

• Lily studies. Single noun subject

• You work. Single noun subject
• Giant pandas chew. Noun phrase subject
• Traveling is fun. Gerund subject
b. Predicate

• A predicate is the word or phrase that expresses a sentence’s action. It

may be just a single verb, or it may be a verb phrase (a verb with its
related objects and/or modifiers). Here are some examples of
predicates.

• The panda chewed. Single verb = predicate

• The panda chewed bamboo. Verb + object = predicate
• The panda chewed slowly. Verb + modifier = predicate
• The panda chewed bamboo slowly. Verb + object + modifier =
predicate
c. Modifiers

• Modifiers are adverbs and adjectives that “modify” another word

by adding more details to it. In independent clauses, they paint a
better picture of the subject or the predicate. Here are some
examples of modifiers.

• Chewing slowly
• The giant, fluffy panda
• Adventurous Lily
• Travels extensively
d. Objects

• An object is a thing in a sentence that receives the verb’s

action. Many independent clauses will include objects to make
ideas more complete. Here are some examples of objects:

• Pandas eat bamboo.

• They have black and white fur.
• Lily traveled to China.
• She loves pandas.
Subordinate Clause

1. What is a Subordinate Clause?

• A subordinate clause or dependent clause is a clause that

can’t exist as a sentence on its own. Like all clauses, it has a
subject and a predicate, but it doesn’t share a complete
thought. A subordinate clause only gives extra information
and is “dependent” on other words to make a full sentence
2. Examples of Subordinate Clauses

• A subordinate clause makes a sentence more detailed. Here are

some examples:

• After the dog ran This clause answers the question “when?”
• Because he ate popcorn This clause answers the question “why?”
• Whoever is watching the dog This clause represents a person
• The dog that eats popcorn This clause answers the question
“which dog?”
3. Parts of Subordinate Clauses

Subordinate clauses are introduced by subordinate conjunctions and relative pronouns.

a. Subordinate conjunctions

Subordinate conjunctions help the transition between two parts of a sentence with words expressing things like place and time.

Here are some of the most common subordinate conjunctions:

After If Until
As Now When
As long as Now that Whenever
Although Once Whereas
Because Since Wherever
Before Than Whether
Even if Though While
Even though Unless Whoever

b. Relative pronouns

• Relative pronouns are words like which, whichever, whatever, that, who, whoever, and whose. They introduce a dependent clause. They are called “relative” because
they are related to the topic of the sentence. For example, “the person who” or “whoever eats;” or “the house that” or “whichever house.”
4. Types of Subordinate Clauses

• A subordinate clause can work as a noun, an

adjective, or an adverb in a sentence. So,
there are three types of dependent clauses:
noun clauses, adjective clauses, and adverb
clauses. Remember, none of them can be
complete sentences on their own!
Adjective Clause

1. What is an Adjective Clause?

• An adjective clause is a clause that works to describe (modify) a noun or pronoun. It

will always be a subordinate clause. It appears immediately after the word it
describes (modifies).

• Adjective clauses always begin with either a pronoun or an adverb.

• Pronouns: who, which, that, whom, whose

• Adverbs: why, where, when
• Adjective clauses answer questions that begin with which, who, when, or what kind
2. Examples of Adjective Clause

Example 1:

• The four gas giant planets, which are Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus, are further away from the Sun than
the rocky planets.

• The adjective clause in this sentence is describing the gas giant planets in more detail. It is giving the reader
more description about the outer planets. The clause begins with the pronoun ‘which’ and answers the
question, “Which planets?”

Example 2:

• The time when fish are easiest to catch is at dawn.

• This adjective clause is our first example of one starting with an adverb. It begins with the adverb ‘when’. Note
that ‘when’ is not the subject of the adjective clause – ‘fish’ is.
3. Parts of an Adjective Clause

• An adjective clause must have the two parts that every clause has: a subject (what the clause is about) and a verb (what the
subject is doing). The subject of an adjective clause depends on whether it begins with a pronoun or an adverb.

a. Adjective Clause beginning with a Pronoun

• When an adjective clause begins with a pronoun, the pronoun is the subject of the clause.

Example 1:

• The man who owns Curious George wears a yellow hat.

• In this example, ‘who’ is a pronoun and the subject of the adjective clause. The clause describes ‘man’, which is the subject of the
main clause ‘The man wears a yellow hat.’ ‘Owns’ is the verb, because it is the action that ‘who’ is doing.

Example 2:

• The dog that performs the most tricks will win the prize.

• The subject of this adjective clause is ‘that’, and the clause modifies the word ‘dog’. The verb here is ‘performs’ because that is
what the subject, ‘that’, is doing.
b. Adjective Clause beginning with an Adverb

• When an adjective clause begins with an adverb, the noun or pronoun following the adverb is the subject.

Example 1:

• The restaurant where they serve fried zucchini is my favorite.

• This adjective clause begins with an adverb (‘where’). The subject of the clause is the pronoun ‘they’. The
verb is ‘serve’, and the adjective clause describes the restaurant.
•
Example 2:

• Do you remember that time when we saw an eagle flying?

• The adverb ‘when’ begins this adjective clause. The subject of the clause is ‘we’, the verb is ‘saw’, and the
adjective clause describes ‘time’. The clause answers the question, “Which time?
4. Types of Adjective Clauses

• There are two kinds of adjective clauses: restrictive and non-restrictive.

• a. A restrictive clause is one that limits or restricts the noun or pronoun it modifies. It makes the noun or pronoun more
specific. Restrictive clauses have information that is essential to the meaning of the sentence.

Example 1

• People who are rude are difficult to be around.

• This adjective clause is restrictive. It limits the type of person that the subject ‘people’ is about. The sentence is not about
all people, but about a limited group of people: ones who are rude. If this adjective clause were removed, the meaning of
this sentence would be very different.

Example 2

• The button that is on top turns on the machine.

• This adjective clause is restrictive. It limits the noun ‘button’ – it lets the reader know which button is being identified. This
would be useful if there were several buttons, and the reader wanted to know which one to use. If this clause were
removed, the reader would not know how to turn the machine on.
• b. A non-restrictive clause does not limit the noun or pronoun it modifies; instead, it gives a bit of additional
information. Non-restrictive clauses are not essential to a sentence’s meaning, but add a bit of extra detail.

Example 1

• My brother, who is sometimes rude to guests, lives down the street from me.

• This adjective clause is non-restrictive. It is adding extra information about ‘my brother’. If this adjective
clause were removed, the main message of the sentence would remain the same.

Example 2:

• The button, which is green, is at the top of the row.

• The adjective clause here is non-restrictive – it does not limit the ‘button’ in any way. Instead, it is adding a
little bit of extra information. If this clause were removed, the reader would still know which button the
sentence refers to.
Adverb Clause

1. What is an Adverb Clause?

• An adverb clause (or adverbial clause) is a clause that works as an adverb in a

sentence. Its role is to show place, time, condition, degree, and so on, by
answering questions like “where?”; “when?”; “how?”; and “why?” Just like
an adverb, it modifies other parts of a sentence to add more details.

• Like all clauses, an adverb clause has a subject and a predicate. However, an
adverb clause is a dependent clause—so, it can never be a sentence on its
own. Specifically, an adverb clause is a modifier that modifies the
independent clause.
2. Examples of Adverb Clause

• As mentioned, adverb clauses answer questions like where, when, why and how. Here, the
adverb clauses are underlined:

• Wherever they have carrots, you will find the rabbit. Where is the rabbit?
• After the rabbit arrived, he ate carrots. When did the he eat carrots?
• He ate carrots because he loves them. Why did he eat carrots?
• The rabbit ate carrots with his big square teeth. How did he eat carrots?
• In each example, the underlined adverb clauses modify the independent clauses (in green) in the
sentence. For instance, the adverb clause “wherever they have carrots” modifies the clause “you
will find the rabbit.”

• Notice the underlined adverb clauses are not complete sentences. An adverb clause is
dependent, so it always needs to be connected with an independent clause to make a full
sentence!
3. Parts of Adverb Clauses

• Like all clauses, adverb clauses have a subject and a predicate. In addition, they almost always begin with a
subordinating conjunction.

a. Subject

• A subject is the person, place, idea, or thing that a sentence is about. It’s the noun that is “doing” something in a
clause or sentence. Sometimes a subject is only one word, but sometimes it includes modifiers, or can be a noun
phrase or gerund.

b. Predicate

• A predicate holds the action—it tells what the subject does. Often the predicate is just a verb, but it can also be a
verb phrase: a verb plus its objects or modifiers. Here are three examples of different types of predicates in
clause:

• The rabbit hopped. Single verb “hopped” = predicate

• The rabbit hopped very high. Verb “hopped” + modifier “very high” = predicate
• The rabbit hopped into a hole. Phrase “hopped into a hole” = predicate
c. Dependent “Marker” Words/Subordinating Conjunctions

• A dependent marker word (also called a subordinating conjunction) is a word that adds details like time or context. Most
adverbial clauses start with a subordinating conjunction. Here’s a list of the most commonly used subordinating
conjunctions:
d. Objects

• Most adverb clauses also include objects. An object is the word affected by the verb or
preposition in a sentence, usually nouns or pronouns that answer questions like
“who,” “what,” “where,” and “when?” Look at these examples, with the objects
underlined:

• The rabbit ate carrots. What did the rabbit eat?

• The rabbit hopped into a hole. Where did the rabbit hop into?

• You can see that the underlined objects answers the questions. In the first example,
“carrots” is affected by the verb ate, because they get eaten. In the second, “a hole” is
affected by the preposition into.
4. Types of Adverb Clauses

• Adverbial clauses are very useful in sentences,

and there are many types that express different
things: location, time, reason, condition,
degree/comparison, concession, and manner,
among others. Here is a chart to help you
understand the different types of adverb clauses.
Noun Clause

1. What is a Noun Clause?

• A noun clause is a dependent (or subordinate clause) that works

as a noun. It can be the subject of a sentence, an object, or a
complement. Like all nouns, the purpose of a noun clause is to
name a person, place, thing, or idea. Sometimes when we want
to name something, a single word won’t do – sometimes we
need a group of words to name something. That is why we use
noun clauses.
Noun clauses always begin with certain words.
The most common of these words are words that we also use to form questions:

• Who
• What
• Why
• Where
• When
We can also begin noun clauses with pronouns:

• Which
• That
• Whoever
• Whatever
• Wherever
• Whenever

• However, it is essential to understand that just because you see one of these words does not mean that the word is automatically
beginning a noun clause. When identifying the type of a given clause, be careful that you look at its function, not just the words. A
clause beginning with the same words as a noun clause may have a different function.
2. Examples of Noun Clauses

Example 1

• If you’ve watched the Hunger Games: Catching Fire, you have probably heard the song Who We Are, by Imagine Dragons. The chorus contains a noun clause. Can you find it?

• It’s who we are

• Doesn’t matter if we’ve gone too far
• Doesn’t matter if it’s all okay
• Doesn’t matter if it’s not our day

• If you said, “who we are” then you are off to a good start! Like all clauses, it has a subject (we) and a verb (are). It is also doing what a noun can do – identify something. In this
case, the clause is identifying what “it” is. When a noun or noun clause identifies another noun more precisely, we call this a complement.

Example 2

• Here is a sentence with two more noun clauses:

• I do not know what the future holds, but I know who holds the future. – Oprah Winfrey

• The two noun clauses are: “what the future holds” and “who holds the future”. In both cases, the clauses are doing what nouns can do – acting as direct objects. (see section 4.)

Example 3

• Here’s another example from the movie, Return of the Jedi. The great teacher, Yoda tells Luke:

• You must unlearn what you have learned.

• So, what must Luke unlearn? “…what you have learned.” This clause is a noun clause. It is a direct object in this sentence.
3. Parts of a Noun Clause

• Remember, because a noun clause is a clause, you should be able to find both a subject and a verb. Let’s do a quick review
of these two important terms. (The noun clauses are underlined.)

a. Subject

• A subject is what the clause or sentence is about. The subject is often (but not always) the thing performing the action of
the verb.

Example 1

• What Peter loves most about reading mysteries is how the authors leave clues for careful readers.
In this example, the first clause is about Peter, and the second clause is about authors.

Example 2

• Whoever spilled the milk should clean it up.

In this example, the sentence is about ‘whoever’.
b. Verb

• A verb is an action word, or a state-of-being word.

Example 1

• Morning time is when I feel most energetic.

In this example, ‘feel’ is the action word in the sentence.

Example 2

• You may take whichever cookie you want.

In this example, ‘may take’ and ‘want’ are action words.
4. Types of Noun Clauses

• Let’s take a look at how noun clauses are used.

a. Noun Clauses as Subjects

Example 1

• Whoever leaves last should turn off the lights.

• In this example, the sentence is about ‘whoever leaves last’. ‘Whoever leaves last’ is also the person performing the action of turning off the lights.
Therefore, the noun clause is the subject of the sentence.

Example 2

• That people need water to survive should be obvious to everyone.

• Here, the sentence is about the fact ‘that people need water to survive’, and so the noun clause works as the subject.

Example 3

• In music, which note is played and how long it is played are both essential.

• In this example, the sentence is about two things: ‘which note is played’ and ‘how long it is played’. Therefore, both of these noun clauses are the
subject of the sentence.
b. Noun Clauses as Objects

• Objects are words that ‘receive’ another part of a sentence. There are three types of objects.

• Direct objects – receive the action of the verb.

• Indirect objects – receive direct objects.
• Objects of prepositions – receive prepositions.
Example 1

• My dog will eat whatever food I give him.

• Here, the noun clause receives the action of the verb ‘eat’ so it is a direct object. It answers the question, “eat what?”

Example 2

• The judges will award whichever painting they like the most the blue ribbon.

• Here, the noun clause is receiving the direct object ‘blue ribbon’. (‘Blue ribbon’ is the direct object because it is receiving the verb ‘award’.)

Example 3

• I want to play with whoever is a good sport.

• In this case, the noun clause is receiving the preposition ‘with’.

c. Noun Clauses as Compliments

• A compliment re-states or gives more information about a noun. It always follows a state-of-being
verb (is, are, am, will be, was, were).

Example 1

• The winner will be whoever gets the most votes.

• The noun clause here is a complement because it gives more information about ‘winner’.

Example 2

• My hope is that everyone here becomes friends.

• Here, the noun clause is a complement because it tells more about ‘hope’.