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MEMB
Classic example of the biological principle that cells
have specialized functions and that their structures are
Diminished The role of the RBC in returning CO2 to the lungs and
oxygen-carrying buffering the pH of the blood is important but is quite
secondary to its oxygen-carrying function.
capacity of the
blood, called The mechanisms controlling development, production,
and normal destruction of RBCs are fine-tuned to avoid
anemia. interruptions in oxygen delivery, even under adverse
conditions such as blood loss with hemorrhage.
• The mammalian erythrocyte is
unique among animal cells in
having no nucleus in its mature,
functional state.
• If the areas of each are approximately equal, the N:C ratio is 1:1.
• If the nucleus takes up less than 50% of the area of the cell, the
proportion of nucleus is lower, and the ratio is lower (e.g., 1:5 or
less than 1).
• If the nucleus takes up more than 50% of the area of the cell, the
ratio is higher (e.g., 3:1 or 3).
• In the red blood cell line, the proportion of nucleus shrinks as the
cell matures and the cytoplasm increases proportionately, although
the overall cell diameter grows smaller. In short, the N:C ratio
decreases.
Normoblastic Series: Summary of Stage
Morphology
(reticulocyte)
Pro normoblasto
Erythrokinetics
• Term describing the dynamics of RBC production and
destruction.
• Making the hypoxia sensor the cell that is able to stimulate red blood cell (RBC)
production also is practical, because regardless of the cause of hypoxia, having more
RBCs should help to overcome it.
• The hypoxia might result from decreased RBC numbers, as with hemorrhage,
decreased RBC number, however, is only one cause of hypoxia.
• Another cause is the failure of each RBC to carry as much oxygen as it should. This can
occur because the hemoglobin is defective or because there is not enough hemoglobin
in each cell.
box
• The hypoxia may be unrelated to the RBCs in any way; poor lung function resulting in
diminished oxygenation of existing RBCs is an example.
• The kidney’s hypoxia sensor cannot know why there is hypoxia, but it does not
matter.
• Even when there are plenty of RBCs compared with the reference interval, if
there is still hypoxia, stimulation of RBC production is warranted because the
numbers present are not meeting the oxygen need.
• Newborns have higher numbers of RBCs because the fetal hemoglobin in their
cells does not unload oxygen to the tissues readily, so newborns are slightly
hypoxic compared with adults. To compensate, they make more RBCs.
Sitio probable de la
síntesis en células
intersticiales peritubulares
localizada en el riñón
ERITROPOYETINA
• The major cellular anchor for the RBCs is the macrophage. Several
systems of adhesive molecules and RBC receptors tie the developing RBCs
to the macrophages. At the same time, RBCs are anchored to the
extracellular matrix of the bone marrow, chiefly by fibronectin.
When it comes time for the RBCs to leave
the marrow, they cease production of the
receptors for the adhesive molecules.
• As RBC precursors mature, they lose adhesive molecule receptors and can
leave the bone marrow. Egress occurs betweenadventitial cells but through pores
in the endothelial cells of the venous sinus.