PENGUKURAN RISIKO

PENYAKIT
Oleh
Nugroho
Pengantar
• Kejadian Penyakit
– Insiden
– Prevalensi
• Epidemiologi Deskriptif (Frekuensi Penyakit)
– Rate
– Ratio
– Proporsi
• Epidemiologi Analitik
– Odd Rasio
– Risiko Relatif
 Kejadian Penyakit (Insiden)
• Insiden
• Insiden merupakan kejadian kasus baru selama
masa pengamatan.

Jumlah kasus baru pada tahun pengamatan

Insiden = -----------------------------------------------------
Jumlah populasi pengamatan
 Question
1. What is the ratio of males to females?
2. What proportion of infants lived?
3. What proportion of infants were delivered
in a delivery room?
4. What is the ratio of operating room
deliveries to delivery room deliveries?
 Answer
1. a. 5 males, 6 females. male:female = 5:6. Ratio of males
to females is 5 to 6; 0.83 to 1
2. b. 9 lived, 2 died. proportion lived = lived / all case = 9 /
11 =0 .82. Proportion of infants that lived is 82%or 8.2
out of 10
3. c. 5 delivery room, 5 operating room, and 1 emergency
room delivery. proportion delivery room deliveries =
delivery room/ all cases =5/11 = 0.45. Proportion of
infants delivered in delivery room is 45% or 4.5 out of 10
4. d. 5 delivery room and 5 operating room deliveries.
delivery room:operating room = 5:5 = 1:1
Ratio of operating room deliveries to delivery room
deliveries is 1 to 1.
 Prevalensi

Jumlah kasus baru dan kasus lama pada tahun

pengamatan
Prevalensi = -----------------------------------------------------
Jumlah populasi pengamatan
Insiden and prevalence
 Question
• Assume that we begin a study of 100 persons
free of disease on January 1, and that on the
last day of each month throughout the year, we
will be given a count of new cases of disease in
this population. Assume that over the course of
a full year, 10 of these persons develop disease,
and that 2 of these cases were reported on
March 31, 3 more cases on June 30, 3 cases on
September 30, and 2 cases on December 31.
How many person-months did the study
members contribute (assume patients became
cases on the last day of the month).
 Answer
• (90 patients x 12 months) + (2 patient x 3
months) + (3 patients x 6 months) + (3
patients x 9 months) + (2 patients x 12
months) = 1155 person-months
Hubungan insiden dan prevalensi

Insiden

Prevalensi

Mati/sembuh
 Epidemiologi Analitik
• Odd Rasio
• Risiko Relative
 Odds Ratio
• Digunakan dalam penelitian case control
• Menilai perbandingan atara kasus dan
kontrol
• Tidak mampu menilai laju risiko penyakit
• Rumus
 Relatif risk
• Menilai laju kecepatan penyakit
• Tepat digunakan pada desain penelitian
kohort
• Risiko relatif yang dinilai
• Rumus
 Latihan
• Mahasiswa A71. jika diketahui dalam
perkuliahan biostatistik didapatkan 3
mahasiswa absen perempuan dan 6 mhs
laki-laki. Jika diketahui mahasiswa
perempuan 20 mahasiswa dan laki-laki 20
mahasiswa.
• Pertanyaan… berapa resikonya
mahasiswa perempuan di A71 untuk tidak
masuk biostatistik…?