VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE, HANOI

FACULTY OF CHEMISTRY

Presenters:
Dao Ngoc Ha a
Bui Minh Hien a
Dinh Le Minh a
Le Thi Binh Minh a

a K61 Advanced Program

 CONTENT

Part 1: Introduction

Part 2: Structure

Part 3: Synthesis

Part 4: Blood gases

Part 5: Hemoglobin in life

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 INTRODUCTION
Hemoglobin

Blood

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STRUCTURE

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STRUCTURE

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 SYNTHESIS
Heme synthesis [1] :  In bone marrow: 85%, in liver: 15%
 Begin by creating a tetrapyrole

1. Formation of ALA in mitochondria

2. Formation of monopyrrole -
Porphobilinogen – PBG, catalysed by
ALA dehydratase (PBG synthase)
3. Creating first tetrapyrrole -
Hydroxymethylbilane - HMB Step 1 reaction:
Reactants:Succinyl-CoA, Gly
Catalyst: ALA-synthase
[1] Josef Fontana et al, “Function of Cell and Human Body” Page: 6/13
 SYNTHESIS

4. Cyclising Hydroxymethylbilane, forming Uroporphyrinogen III

5. Oxidizing Protoporphyrinogen IX to protoporphyrin IX
6. Insertion of Fe2+, catalyzed by an enzyme ferrochelatase (FECH,
heme synthase).

[1] Josef Fontana et al, “Function of Cell and Human Body” Page: 7/13
:
 BLOOD GASES
Transport of Oxygen [1] :

Physically dissolved: 1,5%

 Poor solubility ( 3,2 ml 𝑂2 / 1L blood)

Chemically bounce: 98,5%

 Transport through hemoglobin
( 1 mol Hb – 4 mol 𝑂2 )
 Increasing capacity for oxygen
 Factors affecting the ability to
transfer oxygen: pH, partial pressure
of CO2, temperature,...

[1] Josef Fontana et al, “Function of Cell and Human Body” Page: 8/13
 BLOOD GASES
Transport of Carbon dioxide [1]:

Physically dissolved: 5%
 Arterial blood: 30 ml 𝐶𝑂2 / 1L
 Venous blood: 35 ml 𝐶𝑂2 / 1L

Chemically bounce: 95 %
 Main transport form: 𝐻𝐶𝑂3− ( transporting 80-85% 𝐶𝑂2 )
 Also binds to amino acids of Hb and plasma proteins, forms
carbaminoHb, carbamino proteins ( transporting 10-15% 𝐶𝑂2 )

[1] Josef Fontana et al, “Function of Cell and Human Body” Page: 9/13
 HEMOGLOBIN in life
Low hemoglobin: High hemoglobin:
 Lack of iron, vitamins,...  Living at high altitudes
 Severe blood loss  Heart or lung diseases
 Sickle cell anemia  Smoking tobacco products,...

Symptoms: Exhaustion, dizziness, shortness of breath,...

https://www.healthline.com/health/hgb#causes-of-low-hgb Page: 10/13

 HEMOGLOBIN in life
Hemoglobin concentration for the diagnosis of anemia [3]:

[3] WHO, “Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity”. Page: 11/13
 EFFECTS in life
Determination of Hemoglobin [2] :

Method: Spectrophotometric
Fundamental theory: Based on Lambert-Beer's Law
Light absorption: 400nm < λ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 600 nm, independent of pH

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 REFERENCES

[1] Josef Fontana et al, “Function of Cell and Human Body”

[2] E.J. Van Kampen and W. G. Zijlstra, “Determination of Hemoglobin
and its derivatives”
[3] WHO, “Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia
and assessment of severity”. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information
System. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2011
Other related references:
- “Hemoglobin (Hgb) Test Results” (Healthline newsletter)
- The images were adapted from the internet sources.

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Thank you for Your Attention!!!

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