STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

KRISTUFFER DARCYTH TAN PRING, CE,RMP,ME I

Batch 2016
Instructor, 2JP Review and Tutorial Center
Instructor/Reviewer, Bicol University
 STRESS AND STRAIN
STRESS – force per unit area
STRAIN – change in length divided by the original/gauge length
SIMPLE STRESSES

A. Normal Stress Where:

σ = Normal stress
P P = load effects/applied load
σ 
A A = area perpendicular to the
plane of loading
B. Shearing Stress
Where:
τ = Shearing stress
V
τ  V = Shearing force
A A = area parallel to the
plane of loading
C. Bearing Stress Where:
σb = Bearing stress
Pb Pb = Load produced by contact
σb 
Ab pressure
Ab = area of contact
DEFORMATION OF MEMBER UNDER AXIAL LOADING
Where:
PL δ = elongation/contraction
δ  P = internal load effect
AE L = Original length
A = cross sectional area
E = Elastic modulus
AE = axial rigidity

Normal strain HOOKE’S LAW

Normal stress

P
σ  εE
σ  δ
ε  P δ
A L  E
A L
PL
δ 
AE
STRAIN

NORMAL/ AXIAL STRAIN

Where:
δ ξ = Normal strain
ε  δ = change in length
L L = Original length
HOOKE’S LAW – states that the within the elastic limit, stress is
proportional to the strain HOOKE’S LAW

σ  εE
Where:
σ = Normal stress
ε = Normal strain
E = Young’s Modulus of
Elasticity
= (the slope of the
stress-strain diagram)
THIN -WALLED PRESSURE VESSEL
A- CYLINDRICAL VESSEL

CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSEL FBD FOR FBD FOR

CIRCUMFERENCIAL/ LONGITUDINAL/
TANGENTIAL GIRTH
STRESS σC STRESS σL
Where:
σ = Longitudinal stress
pr pd pr pd
p = applied pressure
σc   σL  
d = diameter t 2t 2t 4t
r = radius
t = thickness
THIN -WALLED PRESSURE VESSEL
A- SPHERICAL VESSEL

SPHERICAL FBD FOR

PRESSURE VESSEL STRESS σ

Where:
σ = Longitudinal stress
pr pd
σ   p = applied pressure
2t 4t d = diameter
r = radius
t = thickness
 Where:
σc = circumferencial stress
pr pd σL = Longitudinal stress
σ   p = applied pressure
2t 4t
d = diameter
r = radius
t = thickness
 TORSION FORMULAS
TORSIONAL SHEARING STRESS POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA OF CIRCULAR
AREAS

Where:
τ = shearing stress
T = internal torque
ρ = radial distance
J = Polar moment of inertia

MAXIMUM SHEARING STRESS

Sign convention for torque T and angle of

twist θ
HELICAL SPRINGS
STRESSES IN SPRINGS

DIRECT SHEARING STRESS LIGHT SPRINGS

P 16 PR  d 
1    1  4 R 
A d 3
TORSIONAL SHEARING STRESS
where:
Tr
2  P =applied load
J R = mean radius of the spring
T  PR d = cross sectional diameter
HEAVY SPRINGS considering curvature
16 PR  4m  1 0.615  where:
   4m  4  m  P =applied load
d 3 R = mean radius of the spring
d = cross sectional diameter
m = 2R/d
(4m – 1)/(4m – 4) = spring index
SPRING DEFLECTIONS (Wahl factor)
where:
P =applied load
64 PR 3 n
 R = mean radius of the spring
Gd 4 n = number of turns
G = shear modulus
d = cross sectional diameter
SPRING CONSTANT
SPRING IN SERIES SPRING IN PARALLEL
P Gd 4
k  
 64 R 3n
 STRESSES IN BEAMS

BENDING STRESS
Moment-Curvature Relationships FLEXURAL NORMAL STRESS

Where: M(y)
1 M ρ = radius of curvature x 
 1/ρ = curvature
I
ρ EI M = bending moment  max 
Mc M

I = centriodal moment of I S
inertia

NORMAL STRESS/STRAIN DUE TO BENDING

Where:
b
εt σt σx = bending stress at any surface from
NA
ct σmax = maximum bending stress
h y = distance from NA where bending
cb stress is required
c = distance from NA tot the outermost
εb σb fiber
CROSS STRAIN STRESS I = centriodal moment of inertia
SECTION DIAGRAM DIAGRAM S = elastic section modulus = I/c
 STRESSES IN BEAMS
SHEAR STRESS Shear flow
Horizontal Shear Stress VQ VQ
q  τt  t 
It I
VQ
  Rivet capacity R  τ r Ar
It
Q  Ay
RI
Spacing of rivet s 
VQ
Where:
τ = horizontal shear stress q = shear flow
V = Shear force R = Shear capacity of rivet
Q = A.y = Statical moment of area τr = allowable shear stress of rivet
I = centriodal moment of inertia Ar = cross sectional area of rivet
t = thickness s = spacing of rivet
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