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Chapter 9 STARS AND GALAXIES

The Sun
•Shape like a ball
•Make up of hot gases :hydrogen
and helium
•Surface temperature : 5500c –
6000c
a) PHOTOSPHERE
• Surface of the Sun
• Produces visible light
• Layer of gas is about 500km thick

b) CHROMOSPHERE
• Layer of gas is about 10000km thick
• Invisible and can only been seen during a solar
eclipse
• Gives off a reddish light
c) CORONA
• Thin,bluish-white layer of gas
• Outermost layer of the Sun
• Can be seen during a total solar eclipse
PHENOMENA ON THE SURFACE OF THE
SUN AND THE EFFECTS ON THE EARTH
A) SUNSPOTS
• Dark spots seen on the surface
of the Sun
• Appear as pairs or groups
around the equator of the Sun
• Appear due to the concentration
of magnetic fields generated by
the Sun
• Lower temperature compared to
their surroundings
B) PROMINENCES
• Bright red arches or loops
of hot gases projecting
from the surface of the
Sun
• Occur over and around
sunspots
• Erupt a few days after their
formation
C) SOLAR FLARES
• Violent explosions on the surface of the Sun
• Occur near sunspots
• The explosions reach very far out from the
Sun
D) AURORAE
• Bands of coloured light in the night sky in
most northern and southern parts of the Earth
HOW ENERGY IS GENERATED BY THE SUN

• Through nuclear fusion in the core of the Sun


• The Sun is mainly made up of hydrogen.
Hydrogen atoms undergo nuclear fusion to
form helium atoms and a large amount of
energy is produced.

nuclear fusion
Hydrogen atoms --------> Helium atoms + Energy
9.2 THE STARS AND THE GALAXIES IN
THE INIVERSE
What is a Star?
• A big ball of hot gases
• Mostly hydrogen and helium
• Different from a planet because it can give off its
own light
• Sun os actually one of the stars in the Universe
• Nearest star to the Earth
• Stable,medium-sized star formed about 4.6
billion years ago
The Bright Stars in the Sky
• Brightness of a star is affected by its distance
from Earth
• Sirius---Emits white light
• Rigel---Emits a bluish light

The Various Types of Stars


• Stars can be classified according to
(a) their temperature
(b) their size
(c) their brightness
The Formation of Stars
Formation of stars:
• A star is born from a nebula.
• A nebulae is a large cloud that consists of gases and
dust particles in the space.
• The strong gravitational forces cause the nebulae to
contract until it become very compact and a gas ball is
formed.
• The gas ball contracts further and this increases
the temperature of the core.
• Nuclear reaction occurs. Hydrogen gas is turned into
helium gas. A lot of heat and light energy are released.
• A new star is born and starts to shine.
Death of stars
• Lifespan of a star is determined by the original
mass of star.
• Big mass has a shorter lifespan.
• Stars that 50 times bigger than the Sun live for
only a few million years.
• Stars that are smaller than the Sun can live
more than 10 billion years.
• Star become either ehite dwart,neutron star
or black hole when it dies,depending on its
size.
The Galaxies
• Contains millions or even billions of Stars.
• Galaxies are classified according to theirs
shapes:
(a)Elliptical galaxies
(b)Spiral galaxies
(c)Irregular galaxies
The Milky Way
• The Solar System is in the galaxy of Milky Way.
• Has a spiral shape and contains about 200
billion stars.
• Solar System consists of nine planets and their
moons.

The Universe
• Consists of all matter,energy and space.
• Contain billions of galaxies.
9.3 EXISTENCE OF THE UNIVERSE AS A
GIFT FROM GOD
• We should appreciate the uniqueness, order, beauty and
harmony in the Universe as asign of the glory of God.
• All objects that exist in the Universe are not permanent.
• The importance of the Sun and the Moon to life on the
Earth:
(a)They provide light energy to the plants to carry out
photosynthesis.
(b) They provide heat energy to all organisms on the Earth.
(c) Light energy enable humans and animals to see.
(d) The Sun plays an important role in the natural water cycle.
10.1 DEVELOPMENTS IN ASTRONOMY
AND SPACE EXPLORATION
Developments in Astronomy
• Astronomy is the field of study about natural
objects in the sky.
• Ancient astronomers from the Middle East, China
and India had made observations about the
movements of the Sun, stars and Moon.
• Ancient astronomers like the Greeks had tried
to explain the movements of planets and stars.
Development in space exploration
• Space exploration was first done from Earth
with the used of a telescope.
• Rockets, man-made satellites, space stations
and space shuttles were later invented to
continue the efforts of space exploration.
The Application of the Technology Related
To Astronomy and Space Exploration
• The primary objectives of spaces programmes are
the search for scientific knowledge and
exploration of the unknown.
• Satellites
(a) Navigation satellites-help ships and the
accurately aircrafts determine their locations,
especially in bad weather.
(b) Communication satellites-Communications
satellites are satellites that transmit signals for
televisions, radios, telephones, telexes, the
internet and another communication devices.
Remote Sensing Technology-use of sensors to
study Earth’s activities and phenomena from a
distance above the Earth’s surface.

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