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•Generators
•Transformers, Reactors
•Lines
•Buses
•Capacitors
CONT’D
Generator Protection
2. Field ground
a. DC voltage relay (64F)
The field ground relay is
connected from the
negative side of the field
to DC ground. Detects
voltage from the field to
ground.
Rotor protection
• Assuming that simultaneous samples of
currents at the two ends of a stator winding
are obtained see figure above, a sample by
sample percentage differential relation could
be used to detect the presence of a fault:
Cont’d
where K is the slope of the percentage differential
characteristic. If the estimation of differential and restraint
currents is made on a per-sample basis as in Equation
(3.4), it would be necessary to take a vote among several
samples to confirm that a fault has indeed occurred, and
that the differential current sample is not created by an
anomalous data sample for one of the currents.
• A somewhat more secure decision is obtained if
phasors estimated from I1(k) and I2(k) are used in
this comparison. Either a mimic circuit must be
used to eliminate the influence of the DC offset in
the current, or a full cycle DFT technique must be
used to calculate the phasors
What else can go wrong?
C. Abnormal Conditions
1. Over/Under Frequency
2. Over Excitation
3. Reverse Power
4. Out of Step
5. Unbalance Current
Transformer Protection
CONSTRUCTION
HOW U FORM NUETRAL LINE IN TRM?
What can go wrong?
● Winding-to-winding faults
● Winding-to-ground faults
● Bushing faults
Protection Methods
• A. Over current
• B. Directional Overcurrent
• C. Distance (Impedance)
• D. Pilot 1. DCB (Directional Comparison Blocking
• 2. POTT (Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip)
E. Line Current Differential
Overcurrent Protection
• Non-Directional
• Relay responds to overcurrent condition
• Instantaneous (IOC) device #50
• No intentional time delay
• Time Overcurrent (TOC) device #51
• Various curve types, including inverse, very
inverse, extremely inverse
AC schematics
Directional relays
Distance Protection
• A distance relay measures the impedance of a
line using the voltage applied to the relay and
the current applied to the relay. When a fault
occurs on a line, the current rises significantly
and the voltage collapses significantly. The
distance relay (also known as impedance relay)
determines the impedance by Z = V/I. If the
impedance is within the reach setting of the
relay, it will operate.
Distance Relay
• CT and PT
Connections
Cont’d
Cont’d
Why impedance protection?
Situation: Meshed network and two infeeds
Directional overcurrent time relays
0,6s 0,3s
0,6s 0,3s
0,6s 0,3s
0,6s 0,3s
non-selective trip
Why impedance protection?
Situation: Meshed network and two infeeds
Directional overcurrent time relays
0,6s 0,3s
0,6s 0,3s
0,6s 0,3s
0,6s 0,3s
non-selective trip
Pilot Relaying Scheme
Advantages of Electromechanical
•Lower Cost
•Easier to Test
Disadvantages of Electromechanical
•Need three individual relays
•Maintain more often
•Moving Parts
•Usually performs only one protective function
•Slower operating than Micro-Processor Based
Advantages of Micro-Processor Based
•Performs hundreds of protective functions
•Only one relay needed for all phases
Faster operating than Electromechanical
•Self-Monitoring
•Takes up less space
•Longer maintenance cycle