Types of Distillation

Made by :- Hit Bhalodiya

(140990105003)
Guided by :- Chintan sir
Contents:
• Introduction
• Batch distillation
• Extractive distillation
• Azeotropic distillation
• Short path distillation
• Fractional distillation
 Introduction:
• Distillation is a physical method of assorting
mixtures depending upon the difference in the
boiling point of the component substances.
• The working principle of distillation is to heat a
mixture at a specific temperature, collect the hot
vapours and condense to separate the component
substance.
• In simple terms, a highly volatile compound is
separated from a less-volatile or non-volatile
compound by using distillation.
 Batch Distillation:
• Batch distillation refers to the
use of distillation in batches,
meaning that a mixture is
distilled to separate it into its
component fractions before the
distillation still is again charged
with more mixture and the
process is repeated.
• Batch distillation has always
been an important part of the
production of seasonal, or low
capacity and high-purity
chemicals. It is a very frequent
separation process in the
pharmaceutical industry and in
wastewater treatment units.
• Each of the distillate fractions are taken out at different
times, only one distillate exit point (location) is needed
for a batch distillation and the distillate can just be
switched to a different receiver, a fraction-collecting
container. Batch distillation is often used when smaller
quantities are distilled.
 Extractive Distillation:
• Extractive distillation is defined as distillation in the
presence of a miscible, high-boiling, relatively non-volatile
component, the solvent, that forms no azeotrope with the
other components in the mixture.
• The method is used for mixtures having a low value of
relative volatility, nearing unity. Such mixtures cannot be
separated by simple distillation, because the volatility of the
two components in the mixture is nearly the same, causing
them to evaporate at nearly the same temperature at a
similar rate.
• The method of extractive
distillation uses a
separation solvent, which
is generally non-volatile,
has a high boiling point
and is miscible with the
mixture, but doesn't form
an azeotropic mixture.
The solvent interacts
differently with the
components of the
mixture thereby causing
their relative volatilities
to change.
 Azeotropic Distillation:
• A method of separating mixtures
based on differences in their
volatilities in a boiling liquid
mixture.
• An azeotrope is a mixture of two
or more liquids (chemicals) in
such a ratio that its composition
cannot be changed by simple
distillation. This occurs because,
when an azeotrope is boiled, the
resulting vapor has the same ratio
of constituents as the original
mixture.
• Because their composition is
unchanged by distillation,
azeotropes are also called
constant boiling mixtures.
 Short path distillation:
A short path
distillation
unit consists
of a vertically
mounted
double
walled
vacuum
chamber with
a central
inner
condenser
and roller
wiper system.
• Feed is continuously fed on a rotating distributor plate.
• At the bottom of rotating distribution plate , 3 to 12 guiding
rods are mounted.
• These guiding rods contain the rollers which are passed over
the rods.
• Distribution plate with rods and rollers is rotated by an electric
motor.
• This entire rotating system is known as Roller-Wiper
system.
• Feed material is thrown by rotating distributor to wall or to
heat transfer surface.
• Then material flows down by gravity over the heat transfer
surface.
• Rollers do not touch the heat transfer surface but they
create the pressure and turbulence in liquid film.
• Rollers are rotated about the central axis of the unit and
are also rotated about their own axis.
• Friction between liquid film and rollers create the
automatic rotation in rollers about their own axis.
• This roller wiper system creates effectively mixed , uniform
and thin film over the heating surface.
• Heating is provided by thermic fluid , saturated steam or
hot water.
• Liquid film is partially vaporized.
• Vapor travel through the shortest path from liquid film
surface to the surface of inner central condenser.
• Cooling medium may be cooling water , chilled
water , oil or brine.
• Residue and condensate both are falling down by
gravity.
• Partition is provided to avoid the possibility of the
mixing of residue and condensate.
• Vacuum nozzle located at the side bottom of
vessel, through which noncondensables and some
vapors are drawn out by vacuum system.
• Vapors are condensed in a cold trap.
• Unit is kept in the perfect vertical position and
hence residence of liquid on the heating surface is
in the order of few seconds.
• The distillation takes place in ‘’ single pass ‘’ .
• In this operation, in the short residence time and the
lowest, vaporization temperature reduces the possibility
of thermal degradation of product.
• Thus SPDU provides the most gentle conditions for the
distillation of heat sensitive products.
 Fractional Distillation:
• Fractional distillation is a technique for the separation of
miscible liquids.
• It is a distillation technique used for the separation of liquids
which dissolve in each other. Fractional distillation is a
process of separating the components of a mixture by
repeated distillations and condensations.
• The principle of fractional distillation is that different
liquids boil at different temperature. The miscible liquids boil
at different temperature and evaporate at different
temperature.
• When the mixture is heated, the liquid with lower boiling
point boils and turns into vapours. So the mixture is heated to
a temperature at which one or two components of the mixture
will vaporise . Fractional distillation involves repeated
distillations and condensations.
• One of the important use of
using fractional distillation is to
separate the crude oil into its
various components such as
gasoline, kerosene oil, diesel oil,
paraffin wax, liberating oil.
• Fractional distillation is also
used for the purification of
water. Water contains many
dissolved impurities; these can
be removed by this process