Chapter 5 Integumentary System

Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology
Eleventh Edition
Chapter 5
The Integumentary System
Lecture Presentation by
Ramata Cisse
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Learning Outcomes
5-1 Describe the main structural features of the epidermis, and
explain the functional significance of each.
5-2 Describe the structures and functions of the dermis.
5-3 Describe the structures and functions of the subcutaneous
layer.
5-4 Explain what accounts for individual differences in skin color,
and discuss the response of melanocytes to sunlight exposure.
5-5 Describe the interaction between sunlight and vitamin D3
production.
5-6 Describe the mechanisms that produce hair, and explain the
structural basis for hair texture and color.
2
Learning Outcomes
5-7 Discuss the various kinds of glands in the skin, and list the
secretions of those glands.
5-8 Describe the anatomical structures of nails, and explain how
they are formed.
5-9 Explain how the skin responds to injury and repairs itself.
5-10 Summarize the effects of aging on the skin.
3
 Integumentary system (integument)
– Largest system of the body
• Sixteen percent of body weight
• 1.5 to 2 m2 of surface area
• Two major parts
– Cutaneous membrane (skin)
– Accessory structures
4
 Components of the cutaneous membrane
*
– Outer epidermis
• Superficial epithelium
– Inner dermis
• Connective tissues
5
 Accessory structures
– Originate in the dermis
– Extend through the epidermis to skin surface
• Hair and hair follicles
• Exocrine glands
• Nails
6
 The integument contains blood vessels and sensory
receptors
 Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
– Loose connective tissue
– Below the dermis
7
Figure 5–1 The Components of the Integumentary System (Part 1 of 2).
Cutaneous
Membrane
Epidermis
Papillary
Dermis layer
Reticular
layer
Subcutaneous
layer
Subpapillary
plexus
8
Figure 5–1 The Components of the Integumentary System (Part 2 of 2).
Accessory
Structures
Hair shaft
Pore of sweat
gland duct
Tactile corpuscle
Sebaceous gland
Arrector pili muscle
Sweat gland duct
Hair follicle
Lamellar corpuscle
Nerve fibers
Sweat gland
Artery
Cutaneous
Vein plexus
Fat
9
 Functions of the integument
– Protection of underlying tissues and organs
– Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes
– Maintenance of normal body temperature
– Production of melanin
– Production of keratin
– Synthesis of vitamin D3
– Storage of lipids
– Detection of touch, pressure, pain, etc.
– Coordination of the immune response
10
Figure 5–2 The Cutaneous Membrane and Accessory Structures of the Integumentary System.
Integumentary System
FUNCTIONS • Physical protection from • Coordination of immune • Sensory information • Excretion
environmental hazards response to pathogens • Synthesis of vitamin D3 • Thermoregulation
• Storage of lipids and cancers in skin
Cutaneous Membrane Accessory Structures
Epidermis Dermis Hair Follicles Exocrine Nails

Glands
Protects the dermis, Papillary Layer Reticular Layer Hairs protect Assist in Protect and
prevents water loss and skull and temperature support tips
the entry of pathogens, Nourishes and Has sensory provide delicate regulation and of fingers
and synthesizes vitamin supports receptors that detect touch waste and toes
D3. Sensory receptors epidermis touch, pressure, pain, sensations on excretion
detect touch, pressure, vibration, and general body
pain, and temperature temperature. Blood surface
vessels assist in
thermoregulation
11
5-1 Epidermis
 Epidermis
– Stratified squamous epithelium
– Avascular, like all epithelia
– Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the
dermis
12
Figure 5–3 The Epidermis (Part 1 of 3).
Stratum
corneum
Basement
Epidermis membrane
Basement Dermis
membrane
Epidermal ridge
Dermal Thin skin LM × 200
papilla
Dermis Thin skin contains four
layers of keratinocytes,
and is about as thick as
the wall of a plastic
sandwich bag (about
0.08 mm).
13
5-1 Epidermis
*
 Two types of skin
– Thin skin
• Covers most of the body
• Has 4 layers of keratinocytes
– Thick skin
• Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
• Has 5 layers of keratinocytes
14
Stratum
corneum
Basement
membrane
Dermis
Thin skin LM × 200
Thin skin contains four

layers of keratinocytes,
and is about as thick as
the wall of a plastic
sandwich bag (about
0.08 mm).
15
5-1 Epidermis
*
 Five strata (layers) of keratinocytes in thick skin
– From basement membrane to free surface
• Stratum basale
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum lucidum
• Stratum corneum
• Come Let’s Get Sun Burn
16
Surface Epidermis Characteristics
Stratum corneum• Multiple layers of flattened, dead, interlocking

keratinocytes
• Water resistant but not waterproof
Stratum • Appears as a glassy layer in thick skin only
lucidum
Stratum Stratum • Keratinocytes produce keratin
corneum granulosum • Keratin fibers develop as cells become thinner
and flatter
• Gradually the plasma membranes thicken,
the organelles disintegrate, and the cells die
Stratum • Keratinocytes are bound together by
spinosum desmosomes
Stratum
lucidum Stratum basale • Deepest, basal layer
• Attachment to basement membrane
• Contains basal cells (stem cells), melanocytes,
and tactile cells (Merkel cells)
Dermal
Basement membrane
papilla
Epidermal Dermis
ridge
Thick skin LM × 200
17
5-1 Epidermis
*
 Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
– Attached to basement membrane by hemidesmosomes
– Forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis
– Contains epidermal ridges
• Lie next to dermal papillae in dermis
– Has many basal cells, or germinative cells
• Stem cells that replace superficial keratinocytes
18
Pores of
sweat gland
ducts
Epidermal
ridge
Thick skin SEM × 20
19
5-1 Epidermis
 Specialized structures of stratum basale
– Tactile discs
• Tactile (Merkel) cells with sensory nerve endings
• Found in hairless skin
• Respond to touch
– Melanocytes
• Contain the pigment melanin
20
5-1 Epidermis *
 Stratum spinosum—the “spiny layer”
– Eight to ten layers of keratinocytes bound by
desmosomes
– Cells appear spiny in histological sections
– Produced by division of cells in stratum basale, some
of which continue dividing
– Contains dendritic (Langerhans) cells, which are active
in immune response
21
5-1 Epidermis
*
 Stratum granulosum—the “granular layer”
– Three to five layers of keratinocytes
– Produced from cells of stratum spinosum
– Most cells stop dividing and produce
• Keratin
• Keratohyalin
– Makes dense granules
– Want to have cellular dehydration and cross-
linking of keratin fibers
– After production of proteins, cells die
22
5-1 Epidermis
 Stratum lucidum—the “clear layer”
– Found only in thick skin
– Covers stratum granulosum
23
5-1 Epidermis
*
 Stratum corneum—the “horny layer”
– Exposed surface of skin
– Water resistant
– 15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells
• Keratinization is the formation of protective layers
of cells filled with keratin
– New cells move from stratum basale to stratum
corneum in 7 to 10 days
– Exposed cells are shed after two weeks
24
5-1 Epidermis
*
 Water is lost from skin in two ways
– Insensible perspiration
• Water diffuses across stratum corneum and
evaporates from skin
• 500 mL per day
• Rate increases if stratum corneum is damaged
(e.g., from burns)
– Sensible perspiration
• Water excreted by sweat glands
25
5-1 Epidermis
 Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
– A peptide growth factor
*
– Produced by salivary glands and duodenum
– Used in laboratories to grow skin grafts
 Functions of EGF
– Promotes division of basal cells
– Accelerates keratin production
– Stimulates epidermal repair
– Stimulates glandular secretion
26
5-2 The Dermis
*
 Dermis
– Located between epidermis and subcutaneous layer
– Anchors epidermal accessory structures (e.g., hair
follicles and sweat glands)
– Two components
• Outer papillary layer
• Deeper reticular layer
27
5-2 The Dermis
 Papillary layer
*
– Consists of areolar tissue
– Contains capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory
neurons
– Named for dermal papillae that project between
epidermal ridges
– Becomes inflamed in dermatitis
• Caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irritation,
or chemicals (e.g., poison ivy)
• May produce itching or pain
28
5-2 The Dermis
 Reticular layer
– Consists of dense irregular connective tissue
– Contains collagen and elastic fibers
– The dermis contains all cells of

connective tissue proper
29
5-2 The Dermis
 Dermal strength and elasticity
– Collagen fibers
• Very strong, resist stretching
• Easily bent or twisted
• Limit flexibility to prevent tissue damage
– Elastic fibers
• Permit stretching and then recoil to original length
• Provide flexibility
– Fibers and water provide flexibility and resilience
• Known as skin turgor
30
5-2 The Dermis
 Skin damage
– Loss of skin turgor is caused by
• Dehydration (reversible)
• Aging
• Hormones
• UV radiation
– Excessive distortion of skin from pregnancy or weight
gain may cause stretch marks
31
Figure 5–4 Reticular Layer of Dermis.
Collagen
fibers
Elastic
fibers
Reticular layer of dermis SEM × 1500
32
5-2 The Dermis
*
 Tension lines (cleavage lines)
– Produced by parallel bundles of collagen and elastic
fibers in the dermis
– Resist forces applied to skin
– A cut made parallel to a tension line remains shut,
heals well
• A cut at a right angle pulls open and scars
33
Figure 5–5 Tension Lines of the Skin.
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR 34
5-2 The Dermis
 Dermal blood supply
– Cutaneous plexus
• Deep network of arteries along the reticular layer
– Subpapillary plexus
• Network of small arteries in papillary layer
• Capillaries drain into small veins that lead to larger
veins in subcutaneous layer
– Contusion (bruise)
• Caused by damage to blood vessels in dermis
35
Figure 5–6 Dermal Circulation.
Capillary loop of Dermal Epidermal

subpapillary plexus papillae ridges
Hair
Papillary
layer
Reticular
layer Subpapillary
plexus
Cutaneous
plexus
Lymphatic
vessel
36
5-2 The Dermis
 Innervation of skin
– Nerve fibers in skin
• Control blood flow
• Adjust gland secretion rates
• Monitor sensory receptors
 Sensory receptors respond to
– Light touch—tactile (Meissner) corpuscles, in dermal
papillae
– Deep pressure and vibration—lamellar (Pacinian)
corpuscles, in reticular layer
37
5-3 The Subcutaneous Layer
*
 Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
– Lies deep to dermis
– Connected to reticular layer by connective tissue
– Stabilizes position of the skin
– Primarily adipose tissue
– Large arteries and veins are in superficial region
– Site of subcutaneous injections using hypodermic
needles
– Distribution of subcutaneous fat determined by sex
hormones
38
Figure 5–7 The Subcutaneous Layer.
Adipocytes
Subcutaneous layer SEM × 250
39
5-4 Skin Color
 Skin color is influenced by two pigments

in the epidermis
–Melanin
–Carotene
40
5-4 Skin Color
*
 Melanin
– Red-yellow or brown-black pigment
– Produced by melanocytes
– Stored in intracellular vesicles (melanosomes)
• Transferred to keratinocytes
• Dark-skinned people have large, numerous
melanosomes
– Protects skin from ultraviolet (UV) radiation
• Small amounts of UV radiation are beneficial
• Too much can damage DNA and cause cancer
41
5-4 Skin Color
 Carotene
– Orange-yellow pigment
– Found in orange vegetables
– Accumulates in epidermal cells, deep dermis, and
subcutaneous layer
– Can be converted to vitamin A, required for
• Maintenance of epithelia
• Synthesis of photoreceptor pigments in eye
42
Figure 5–8a Melanocytes.
Melanocytes
in stratum
basale
Melanin
pigment
Basement
membrane
Melanocytes LM × 600
a This micrograph shows

the location and orientation
of melanocytes in the stratum
basale of a dark-skinned person.
43
Figure 5–8b Melanocytes.
*
Melanosome
Keratinocyte
Melanin
pigment
Melanocyte
Basement
membrane
Dermis
b Melanocytes produce and store melanin.
44
5-4 Skin Color
*
 Blood flow and oxygenation influence skin color
– Hemoglobin is bright red when bound to oxygen
• When blood vessels dilate from heat, skin reddens
• When blood flow to skin decreases, skin pales
– Hemoglobin turns dark red when oxygen is released

• Can result in cyanosis (bluish skin)
• May be caused by extreme cold, heart failure,
severe asthma, etc.
45
5-4 Skin Color
*
 Illness and skin color
– Jaundice
• Buildup of bile produced by liver
• Skin and whites of eyes may turn yellow
– Pituitary tumor
• Excess MSH increases production of melanin
– Addison’s disease
• Causes pituitary gland to release excess ACTH,
which has an effect similar to MSH
– Vitiligo
• Loss of melanocytes causing loss of color
46
Figure 5–9 Vitiligo.
47
5-5 Vitamin D3
 Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
– Produced by epidermal cells in presence of UV
radiation
– Liver and kidneys together convert vitamin D3 into
calcitriol
• Essential for absorption of calcium and phosphate
ions by small intestine
– Insufficient vitamin D3 can cause rickets
48
Figure 5–10 Sources of Vitamin D3.
Sunlight Food
*
Steroid compound
Epidermis
Cholecalciferol
Dietary
cholecalciferol
Liver Digestive
Intermediary tract
product
Stimulation of calcium
and phosphate ion
absorption
Calcitriol
Kidney
49
Figure 5–11 Rickets.
50
5-6 Hair
 Accessory structures of the integument
– Hair, hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, and
nails
– Derived from embryonic epidermis
– Located in dermis, but project to skin surface
51
5-6 Hair
 Hairs cover almost all of the body, except
– Palms of hands, sides of fingers
– Sides and soles of feet, sides of toes
– Lips
– Portions of external genitalia
 Functions of hair
– Protect and insulate
– Guard openings from particles and insects
– Serve as sensory receptors
52
5-6 Hair
*
 Hair follicles
– Extend deep into dermis
– Produce nonliving hairs
– Wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath
– Base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair
plexus)
– Arrector pili muscle
• Involuntary smooth muscle
• Contraction causes hairs to stand up
• Produces “goose bumps”
53
5-6 Hair
 Regions of the hair
– Hair root
• Portion that anchors it into skin
– Hair shaft
• Upper part of the hair
54
Figure 5–12a Hair Follicles and Hairs.
Hair shaft
Sebaceous
gland
Arrector
pili muscle
Hair root
Connective
tissue sheath
Root hair
plexus
a Hair follicles, showing

the associated
accessory structures 55
Figure 5–12b Hair Follicles and Hairs.
Hair Structure
The medulla, or core, The cortex contains thick The cuticle, although
of the hair contains a layers of hard keratin, which thin, is very tough, and it
flexible soft keratin. give the hair its stiffness. contains hard keratin.
Follicle Structure
* The internal root sheath surrounds
the hair root and the deeper portion
of the shaft. The cells of this sheath
disintegrate quickly, and this layer
does not extend the entire length of
the hair follicle.
The external root sheath extends

from the skin surface to the hair
matrix.
The glassy membrane is a

thickened, clear layer wrapped in
the dense connective tissue
sheath of the follicle as a whole.
Connective tissue sheath

b Cross section through a hair
follicle and a hair, near the
junction between the hair root
and hair shaft 56
Figure 5–12c Hair Follicles and Hairs.
Hair shaft
External root sheath
Connective tissue
sheath of hair follicle
Internal root sheath
Glassy membrane
Cuticle of hair
Cortex of hair
Medulla of hair
Hair matrix
Hair papilla
Subcutaneous
adipose tissue
Hair follicle LM × 60
c Histological section along the

longitudinal axis of hair follicles 57
Figure 5–12d Hair Follicles and Hairs.
Connective tissue
sheath of hair follicle
* Glassy membrane
External root sheath
Internal root sheath
Cuticle of hair
Cortex of hair
Medulla of hair
Hair matrix
Hair papilla
Hair bulb
Subcutaneous
adipose tissue
d Diagrammatic view of the
base of a hair follicle 58
5-6 Hair
*
 Hair structure
– Medulla
• Central core
– Cortex
• Intermediate layer
– Cuticle
• Surface layer
59
5-6 Hair
 Layers of the follicle
– Internal root sheath
• Surrounds hair root
– External root sheath
• Extends from skin surface to hair matrix
– Glassy membrane
• Clear layer wrapped in connective tissue sheath
60
5-6 Hair
 Hair production
*
– Begins at the hair bulb, at base of hair follicle
• Surrounds hair papilla—connective tissue
containing capillaries and nerves
• At base of hair bulb, epithelial cells form a layer
known as hair matrix
– Produces hair
– As cells divide, hair is pushed up and out of skin
61
5-6 Hair
*
 Hair growth cycle
– How hairs are grown and shed
– As hair grows, root is firmly attached to matrix of follicle
– When follicle becomes inactive, growth stops
• Hair is now called a club hair
– New hair growth cycle begins
• Follicle produces new hair
• Club hair is shed
62
5-6 Hair
 Types of hairs
– Vellus hairs
• Soft, fine hairs that cover most of body surface
– Terminal hairs
• Heavy, pigmented hairs
• On head, eyebrows, and eyelashes
• Other parts of body after puberty
 Hair color
– Produced by melanocytes at hair matrix
– Determined by genes
63
5-7 Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
*
 Exocrine glands in skin
– Sebaceous glands (oil glands)
• Holocrine glands
• Discharge lipid secretion (sebum) into hair follicles
– Lubricates and protects hair shaft
– Inhibits growth of bacteria
– Sweat glands
• Apocrine sweat glands
• Eccrine sweat glands
64
*
 Types of sebaceous glands
– Simple branched alveolar glands
• Associated with hair follicles
– Sebaceous follicles
• Large sebaceous glands not associated with hair
• Discharge sebum directly onto skin surface
• Located on face, back, chest, nipples, external
genitalia
65
Figure 5–13 The Structure of Sebaceous Glands and Sebaceous Follicles (Part 1 of 3).
Sebaceous follicle Sebaceous gland
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous
layer
66
Lumen
(hair removed)
Wall of hair follicle
Basement
membrane
Discharge of
sebum
Lumen of duct
Breakdown of
cell membranes
Mitosis and growth
Basal cells
67
Lumen
(hair removed)
Wall of hair follicle
Basement
membrane
Basal cells
Sebaceous gland LM × 150
68
*
 Apocrine sweat glands
– Found in armpits, around nipples, and in pubic region
– Secrete products into hair follicles via merocrine
secretion
– Produce sticky, cloudy secretions
• Nutrient source for bacteria, which cause odors
– Surrounded by myoepithelial cells
• Squeeze secretions out of glands in response to
hormonal or nervous signals
69
Figure 5–14a Sweat Glands.
Myoepithelial cell Sweat pore
Connective
tissue of dermis Duct
Apocrine
gland cells
Duct of
Lumen apocrine
sweat gland
A section
Apocrine sweat LM × 459 through
gland an eccrine
Sectional plane sweat gland
through apocrine
a Apocrine sweat glands
secrete a thick, odorous sweat gland
fluid into hair follicles.
70
 Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands
– Coiled, tubular glands that discharge directly onto skin
surface (sensible perspiration)
– Widely distributed on body surface
• Especially on palms and soles
– Secretions are 99 percent water plus salt, etc.
– Functions include
• Cooling surface of skin to reduce body temperature
• Excreting water and electrolytes
• Providing protection from environmental hazards
71
Figure 5–14b Sweat Glands.
*
Sweat pore
Duct
Myoepithelial
cells
Eccrine
gland cells
Duct of
apocrine
sweat gland
Lumen
A section
through Eccrine sweat LM × 243
an eccrine gland
Sectional plane sweat gland
through apocrine
sweat gland
b Eccrine sweat glands discharge a watery fluid
onto the surface of the skin.
72
 Other integumentary glands
– Mammary glands
• Produce milk
– Ceruminous glands
• Produce cerumen (earwax)
– Prevents foreign particles from reaching the
eardrum
73
 Control of glands
– Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
• Controls sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands
• Affects glands throughout body at once
– Eccrine sweat glands
• Controlled precisely; sweating may occur locally
– Thermoregulation
• The main function of sensible perspiration
• Eccrine sweat glands work with cardiovascular
system to regulate body temperature
74
5-8 Nails
 Nails
– Protect tips of fingers and toes
– Made of dead cells packed with keratin
– Metabolic disorders can change nail structure
• Example: pitted nails may result from psoriasis
75
5-8 Nails
 Structure of a nail
– Nail body
• Visible portion of the nail
• Covers the nail bed
– Sides of nails
• Lie in lateral nail grooves
• Surrounded by lateral nail folds
– Skin beneath the distal free edge of the nail is the
hyponychium (onyx, nail)
76
5-8 Nails
 Nail production
*
– Occurs in an epidermal fold called the nail root
• Deepest part lies very close to the bone
– The visible nail emerges from under part of the nail root
• Known as the eponychium (cuticle)
– Near the root, blood vessels are obscured
• Producing a pale lunula (luna, moon)
77
Figure 5–15a The Structure of a Nail.
Direction
of growth
Free edge
Lateral nail fold
Nail body
Lunula
Proximal
nail fold
Eponychium
a A superficial view
78
Figure 5–15b The Structure of a Nail.
Lateral nail Nail

groove body
Lateral nail fold
Nail
bed
Phalanx
(bone of
fingertip)
b A cross-sectional view
79
Figure 5–15c The Structure of a Nail.
*
Eponychium
Proximal Lunula Nail body
nail fold
Nail root
Epidermis Dermis Phalanx Hyponychium

c A longitudinal section
80
5-9 Repair of the Integument
 Repair of the integument following an injury
*
– Bleeding, swelling, and pain occur
– Mast cells trigger inflammatory response
– A scab (dried blood clot) stabilizes and protects the
area
– Macrophages clean the area

– Fibroblasts and endothelial cells divide, producing
granulation tissue
81
Figure 5–16 Repair of Injury to the Integument (Part 1 of 4).
1 Inflammation Phase
Bleeding occurs at the site
of injury immediately after Epidermis
the injury, and mast cells
in the region trigger an
inflammatory response. Dermis
Mast cells
82
2 Migration Phase
After several hours, a scab has formed
and cells of the stratum basale are
migrating along the edges of the
wound. Phagocytic cells are removing Migrating
debris, and more of these cells are epithelial
arriving with the enhanced circulation cells
in the area. Clotting around the edges of Macrophages
the affected area partially isolates the and fibroblasts
region.
Granulation
tissue
83
3 Proliferation Phase
About a week after the injury, the

scab has been undermined by
epidermal cells migrating over the
collagen fiber meshwork produced
by fibroblast proliferation and
activity. Phagocytic activity around Fibroblasts
the site has almost ended, and the
fibrin clot is dissolving.
84
4 Scarring Phase
After several weeks, the scab
has been shed, and the
epidermis is complete. A shallow
depression marks the injury site,
but fibroblasts in the dermis Scar
continue to create scar tissue tissue
that will gradually elevate the
overlying epidermis.
85
5-9 Repair of the Integument
 Repair of the integument following an injury
– Clot begins to dissolve
– Number of capillaries declines
– Noncellular scar tissue is produced
• A raised keloid may form
86
Figure 5–17 A Keloid.
A raised Keloid may form
87
5-10 Aging and the Integumentary System
 Effects of aging on skin
– Epidermis thins
– Number of dendritic cells decreases
– Vitamin D3 production declines
– Melanocyte and glandular activities decline
– Blood supply to dermis is reduced
– Function of hair follicles declines
– Dermis thins and elastic fiber network shrinks
– Sex-specific hair and body fat distribution fades
– Repair rate slows
88
Figure 5–18 Integration of the INTEGUMENTARY system with the other body systems presented so far.
Integumentary System
The integumentary system performs a
variety of functions for the human body. It:
• covers and protects underlying tissues
and organs from impacts, abrasions,
chemicals, and infections, and it prevents
the loss of body fluids
• maintains normal body temperature by
regulating heat exchange with the
environment
• synthesizes vitamin D3 in the epidermis,
which aids calcium uptake and stores large
reserves of lipids in the dermis
• detects touch, pressure, pain, and
temperature stimuli
• excretes salts, water, and organic wastes
• coordination of the immune response to
pathogens and skin cancers
89

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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology

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Cutaneous Membrane Accessory Structures

Epidermis Dermis Hair Follicles Exocrine Nails

Thin skin LM × 200

Thin skin contains four

• Come Let’s Get Sun Burn

Surface Epidermis Characteristics

Stratum corneum• Multiple layers of flattened, dead, interlocking

Thick skin SEM × 20

– The dermis contains all cells of

Reticular layer of dermis SEM × 1500

Capillary loop of Dermal Epidermal

Subcutaneous layer SEM × 250

 Skin color is influenced by two pigments

a This micrograph shows

– Hemoglobin turns dark red when oxygen is released

a Hair follicles, showing

The external root sheath extends

The glassy membrane is a

Connective tissue sheath

External root sheath

Internal root sheath

c Histological section along the

External root sheath

Internal root sheath

Sebaceous follicle Sebaceous gland

Myoepithelial cell Sweat pore

Lateral nail Nail

Epidermis Dermis Phalanx Hyponychium

– Macrophages clean the area

About a week after the injury, the

A raised Keloid may form

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