Pragmatic

Chapter 6

Speech Act and Speech

Event
Speech
Act
Action performed via utterances

Example :

“You’re Fired”
 S pe e c h Ac t
The ac tion pe rforme d by produc ing on
utteranc e whic h consist of 3 relate d ac ts :

Locutionary Illocutionary Perlocutionary

The ba s ic of utte ra nce , The bringing a bout of

Pe rforme d via the e ffe cts on the lis te ne r
or producing a communica tive force
me a ningful linguis tic by me a ns of utte ring
of a n utte ra nce the s e nte nce
e xpre s s ion

Example :
“ I’ve just made some coffee “
 IFIDS
>> Is a n e xpre s s ion of the type s hown or e xpre s s ion (a ve rb) tha t e xplicitly na me s
the illocutiona ry a ct be ing forme d.

Ex: Pe rforma tive Ve rbs (Vp) ‘promis e ’ a nd ‘wa rn’

I (Vp) you tha t …

>> Spe a ke rs do not a lwa ys pe rform the ir s pe e ch a cts s o e xplicitly, but the y
s ome time s de s cribe the s pe e ch a ct be ing pe rforme d.

Exa mple :

Ca n I ta lk to Ma ry? >> it me a ns a ma n is trying to ta lk to Ma ry

No, s he ’s not he re >>the one who a ns we r it is Ma ry’s frie nd
I’m a s king you-ca n I ta lk to he r? >> A ma n trying to conta ct Ma ry
Ma ry’s frie nd: a nd I’m te lling you-SHE’S NOT HERE!
>> The re is a nothe r IFIDS which ca n be ide ntifie d a re word
orde r, s tre s s , a nd intona tion.

Exa mple :

a . You’re going! ( I te ll you)

b. You’re going? ( I re que s t confirma tion)
c. Are you going? ( I a s k you if)
 Felicity Conditions
>> The re a re ce rta in e xpe cte d or a ppropria te circums ta nce s , a nd the
pe rforma nce of a s pe e ch a ct to be re cognize d a s inte nde d.
It me a ns the utte ra nce ca n be re cognize d by the he a re r, the circums ta nce
s urrounding the s pe a ke r mus t be a ppropria te with the condition

Ex: I s e nte nce you to s ix months in pris on

>> The pe rforma nce won’t be a ppropria te if the s pe a ke r is not a s pe cific

pe rs on in s pe cia l conte xt ( In this ca s e , the s pe a ke r mus t be judge in a
courtroom.
 Type s of Felic ity conditions :

Gene ral Conte nt Preparatory Sincerity Essential

1. General conditions :
>> On the pa rticipa nts , for e xa mple , tha t the y ca n unde rs ta nd the la ngua ge be ing
us e d a nd the y a re not pla y-a cting or be ing nons e ns ica l.
Example:
The s pe a ke r ta lks to the lis te ne r a nd the lis te ne r knows wha t the s pe a ke r is ta lking
a bout.

2. Content (isi) Conditions :

>> For both a promis e a nd wa rning
>> The conte nt mus t be a bout future e ve nt
>> For a promis e re quire s tha t the future event will be a future act of the s pe a ke r.
Example:
“I promis e to s e e you tomorrow.”
The utte ra nce is a bout a future e ve nt a nd the s pe a ke r is committe d to the a ct.

3. Preparatory Conditions :
>> For a promis e a re s ignifica ntly diffe re nt from thos e for a wa rning.
>> It de fine s a n a ppropria te s e tting for the a ct, including the s pe a ke rs inte ntions
a nd qua lifica tions .
Example:
I promis e to s e e you tomorrow.
>> The e ve nt doe s not ha ppe n by its e lf.
>> The e ve nt will ha ve be ne ficia l e ffe ct.
4. Sincerity (Tulus) Conditions :
>> the a ttitude of the s pe a ke r
>> promis e : s pe a ke r genuinely intends to carry out future action
Example:
Rona ld: I promis e ta x cuts for e ve ryone !!
John: Ya y!!

Wa rning: Spe a ke r ge nuine ly be lie ve s tha t the future e ve nt will not ha ve a

be ne ficia l e ffe ct.
Example:
A: I be t you ca n’t be a t my compute r a t che s s .

5. Essential (Nyuruh) Conditions :

>> Re quire s tha t involve d pa rtie s a ll inte nd the re s ult, e .g. a promis e cha nge s
s ta te of s pe a ke r from non- obliga tion to obliga tion.
Example:
Act: Agil : Ulil’s hus ba nd Ni’ma yucha : “cry out loud”
Ulil : Agil’s wife Agil : De a r, you know wha t to
Ni’ma yucha : Agil a nd Ulil’s ba by do
Ulil : Oka y hone y “throws the
ba by out”
 The pe rformative s
hypothe sis
>> One wa y to think a bout the s pe e ch a cts be ing pe rforme d via utte ra nce s is to
a s s ume tha t unde rlying e ve ry utte ra nce (U) the re is cla us e conta ining
pe rforma tive s ve rb (Vp) which ma ke s the illocutiona ry force e xplicit.

I (he re by) Vp you tha t (U)

>> the s ubje ct mus t be firs t pe rs on

>> the a dve rb ‘he re by’ indica te s tha t utte ra nce count a s a ction
>> Vp in the pre s e nt te ns e a ny de finite noun phra s e
>> indire ct obje ct in s e cond pe rs on s ingula r

Example:
I he re by orde r you tha t you cle a n up this me s s .
I he re by te ll you tha t the work wa s done by Ela ine a nd mys e lf.
 Explic it and Implic it
Performative s
1. Explicit Performatives: Pe rforma tive s utte ra nce s tha t conta in a
pe rforma tive ve rb tha t ma ke s e xplicit wha t kind of a ct is be ing
pe rforme d.
Example:
(11b) I he re by orde r you tha t you cle a n up this me s s .
(12b) I he re by te ll you tha t the work wa s done by Ela ine a nd mys e lf.

2. Implicit performatives: A s e nte nce which doe s not conta in a

pe rforma tive ve rb.
Example:
(11a ) Cle a n up this me s s !
(12a ) The work wa s done by Ela ine a nd mys e lf.
Anothe r a dva nta ge is to s how tha t s ome a dve rbs s uch a s ‘hone s tly’ or a dve rbia l
cla us e s s uch a s ‘be ca us e I ma y be la te ’ a nd na tura lly a tta ch to e xplicit
pe rforma tive s cla us e ra the r tha n implicit ve rs ion.

Example:
a ) Hone s tly, he ’s a s coundre l.
b) Wha t time is it, be ca us e I ma y be la te ?

Example as an insult :
Your dumbe r tha n a rock.
Exa mple in a e xplicit ve rs ion:
I he re by ins ult you tha t you’re dumbe r tha n a rock.
 Spe e c h Act Classific ation :

Represe ntativ
Dec laration es
Expre ssive s Direc tive s Commisive
1. Declaration : Spe e ch a ct tha t cha nge the world via the ir utte ra nce . The
s pe a ke r ha s to ha ve a s pe cific role , in a s pe cific conte xt, in orde r to pe rform
a de cla ra tion a ppropria te ly.
Example:
• Prie s t: I now pronounce you hus ba nd a nd wife
• Re fe re e : You’re out!
• Jury Fore ma n: We find the de fe nda nt guilty.
2. Representatives : Spe e ch a cts tha t s ta te wha t the s pe a ke r be lie ve s to be the
ca s e or not (s ta te me nts of fa ct, a s s e rtions , conclus ions a nd de s criptions a re
a ll e xa mple s of the s pe a ke r re pre s e nting the world a s he /s he be lie ve s it is )
Example:
• The e a rth is fla t.
• Choms ky didn’t write a bout pe a nuts .
• It wa s a wa rm s unny da y.
3. Expresives : Speech acts that state what the speakers feels, attitude and emotions.
Example:
I’m re a lly s orry
Congra tula tions !
Oh, Ye s , gre a t, mmmm, s s a hh
4. Directives :
• Spe e ch acts that spe a ke rs us e to get some one els e to do some thing,
• Expre s s what the spe a ke r wants , and
• They are commands, orders, request, suggestions, and as illustrated, they can
be pos itive or ne ga tive.
Example:
Give me a cup of coffee . Make it black.
Could you lend me a pe n, ple a s e ?
Don’t touch that.
5. Commisives :
• Spe e ch acts that spe a ke rs us e to commit thems e lve s to some future action.
• They expre s s what the spe a ke r inte nds .
• They are promise s , threa ts , refus a ls , ple dge s
• They can be performed by the spe aker alone, or by the spe aker as a member of
a group.
Example:
I’ll be back.
I’m going to get it right ne xt time
We will not do that.
 Direc t and Indire c t Spe e c h
Acts
a direct relationship
Direc t between a structure and a
function

an indirect relationship
Indire c t between a structure and a
function.

The re is a n e a s ily re cognize d re la tions hip be twe e n the thre e s tructura l forms
(de cla ra tive Dot Mark (.), inte rroga tive Question Mark (?), impe ra tive Exclamation
Mark (!)) a nd the thre e ge ne ra l communica tive functions (s ta te me nt, que s tion,
comma nd/re que s t) :

a . You we a r a s e a t be lt (de cla ra tive -s ta te me nt)

b. Do you we a r a s e a t be lt? (inte rroga tive -que s tion)
c. We a r a s e a t be lt! (impe ra tive -comma nd)
Example of Direct and Indirect Speech Act :
a . It’s cold outs ide (de cla ra tive -s ta te me nt)
b. I he re by te ll you a bout the we a the r (de cla ra tive-s ta te me nt)
c. I he re by re que s t of you tha t you clos e the door. (de cla ra tive-re que s t)

Thos e illus tra tion a bove is a de cla ra tive . • Declarative – state me nt

• In [a ] a nd [b] is a dire c t s pe e ch a ct. • Inte rrogative – question
• In [c] is a n indire c t s pe e ch a ct • Impe rative – command/re que st

a . Could you pa s s the s a lt? (inte rroga tive-re que s t)

b. Would you ope n this ? (inte rroga tive-re que s t)
c. Do you ha ve to s ta nd in front of the TV? (inte rroga tive -que s tion)

Thos e illus tra tion a bove is a n inte rroga tive .

• In [a ] a nd [b] is a n indire c t s pe e ch a ct.
• In [c] is a dire c t s pe e ch a ct
S pe e c h Eve nt

An a ctivity in which pa rticipa nt

inte ra ct via la ngua ge in s ome
conve ntiona l wa y to a rrive a t s ome
outcome
 S pe e c h Eve nt
The a na lys is of s pe e ch e ve nt is cle a rly a nothe r wa y of s tudying how more ge t
communica te d tha n it s a id.
Example 1: (Speech Event) Example 2:
Him : oh Ma ry, I’m gla d you’re he re Spe a ke r A : Wha t is the time ?
Spe a ke r B : It’s one o’clock
He r : wha t’s up?
Spe a ke r C : Tha nks
Him : I ca n’t ge t my compute r to work
He r : is it broke n?
Him : I don’t think s o
He r : wha t’s it doing?
Him : I don’t know. I’m us e le s s with compute rs .
He r : wha t kind is it?
Him : it’s a Ma c. Do you us e the m?
He r : ye a h.
Him : do you have a minute ? (Banyak Makna)
He r : s ure
Him : oh, gre a t
 PROJECT
Speech Act Speech Act
Script Jane Eyre - Script Pride and Prejudice
Utterence
- Jane Eyre
- Rochester
- St. Jhon
- Mrs. Fairfax
- Helen Burns
No. Participant Utterance Speech Act Classification Situation Time
Dec Dir Com Exp Rep

*
- Dec = Declarative
- Dir = Directive
- Com = Commisive
- Exp = Expresive
- Rep = Representative
Character yang sudah Sold Out sisanya silahkan pilih
- Jane Eyre = Sri P
- Rochester = Nani K
- St. Jhon = Agustian
- Helen Burns = Wendy
- Mrs. Fairfax = Ready Stock
Kalo ga kebagian sisanya ngambil character dari next film
(Pride and Prejudice)/ ambil dari TOKOH LAIN yang ada di film
jane Eyre (Jangan sampai mengambil tokoh yang sudah dipilih
oleh temannya. UNTUK TUGAS UAS PRAGHMATIC
Dikumpulken paling luuuuambat tgl 13 Nov 2018 ke Mrs.
MAHYATI di Print Out.
Tugasnya yakni menganalisis utterance/ Ujaran dari karakter
yang kamu pilih di film Jane Eyre dan Pride and Prejudice.

Jika ada hal-hal yang belum dimengerti

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