Objectives:

The need for pure substance

Criteria for purity

Methods of Purification:
Know their
a.Filtration principles,
procedures
a.Crystallization and
application
The NEED for pure substance
Importance of purity of substances
used in everyday life:

Chemist need pure substances to

study their properties.

Pure substances are used in

industry to make useful products
such as food and drugs.
The NEED for pure substance
In pharmaceutical industry, medicines
must be tested for purity before they are
sold. Impurities in drugs and food may
produce undesirable side effects.
The NEED for pure substance
In highly precision engineering e.g.
Production of silicon chips, even small
amount of impurities can greatly reduce the
effectiveness of a component in an
electronic device.
The NEED for pure substance

In food and beverage industry, the types

of chemicals which can be added into our
food are controlled by certain
governmental guidelines to ensure that
our food and drinks contain chemicals
that are safe for consumption.
 Criteria for purity

A pure substance is made up of only

one substance and not mixed with
anything else.

In nature, many substances are not

pure. Most are found impure as
mixtures.
The need for pure substance
A mixture is a substance that
contains two or more substances.

The substances do not react with

one another chemically.
They can be easily separated into
pure substances by purification
techniques. (Physical method)
 Criteria for purity

Pure Mixtures
Substances
Not
Properties Definite
Definite
Boiling Exact and Not Fixed
Point Fixed (Higher)
Melting Exact and Not Fixed
Point Fixed (Lower)
 Criteria for purity
Impurities affect the melting and
boiling point in the following ways:
1) Decrease the melting point;
E.g. Frozen sea water melts below 0°C

at -2.5°C
2) Increase the boiling point
E.g. Seawater boils at about 102°C
 Criteria for purity
3) Increase the range at which melting
and boiling occurs;
E.g. Coconut oil melts over a range
of temperature. Starts melting at
14°C and complete melting at 22°C.

Petrol fuel for motorcars boils over a

range of 35°C to 75°C.
A pure substance contains only one type of
substance (that is, one type of molecule or
atom)

Melting point of pure water = 0 ºC

Boiling point of pure water = 100 ºC

So, do you think the temperature for sea

water is also 100 ºC?
 Criteria for purity
Pure solid/liquid will melt/ boil at only ONE
temperature.
E.g. Water melts at 0°C and boils at 100°C.

To find out if the substance is pure:

Melt at its true
Measure its melting point
melting point
Measure its boiling point Boil at its true
boiling point
 Criteria for purity
Pure Water melts at 0°C and boils at
100°C.
When impure: Melting point
decreases further, Boiling point
increases
Solid Liquid Gas

-2oC 0oC 100oC 102oC

 WEBSITE TO
VISIT:http://environmentalchemistry.com/

You may start by zooming in on:

• PCBs (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) are in
the Foods You Love
• Norwegian farmed salmon production
raises global concern
• Mercury in Fish vs. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Health Benefits
• PCBs (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) in New
York's Hudson River
 Some important terms
Some terms that you should know:

A solute is a dissolved substance (e.g.

salt in salt solution).
A solvent is a substance which dissolve
a solute (e.g. water in salt solution.
Miscible liquids are liquids that are
completely soluble in each other.
 Mixtures
Solutions and suspensions

What is a solution?
• A solution is a mixture that appears to
be made of one substance.
copper (II) sulphate solution, fizzy drinks
What is a suspension?
• A suspension is a mixture in which two
or more parts can be seen with our eyes
oil + water, muddy water, chalk water
 How do we obtain Pure
substances from a mixture?

We have to first consider what are

characteristics of the substances
involved before we decide on the
suitable method of purification.
 Possible scenarios of mixtures!
• To separate a soluble and insoluble solid
(E.g. Salt and sand)/ To separate
insoluble solids from a solution (E.g.
Sand from water)

• To separate pure solid from a solution

(E.g sugar from sugar solution)
Possible scenarios of mixtures!

• To separate or identify colors,

dyes and pigment.
• To obtain a pure liquid from a
solution (E.g. water from salt
solution).
• To separate miscible liquids with
different boiling points.
 Types of separation
techniques
Aim: To separate a soluble and
insoluble solid (E.g. Salt and sand)/ To
separate insoluble solids from a
solution (E.g. Sand from water)
Suitable method of purification:
Filtration
Solid-Solid mixture
Solid-Liquid mixture
Filtration

1. Glass rod
3. Mixture

2. Retort stand 4. Filter paper

5. Filter funnel

Filtration is
usual method of
separating solid 6. Beaker

from a liquid. 7. Filtrate

A Glimpse of our First mini
Practical on FILTRATION!!
Do you remember how to do filtration?
Solid-Solid mixture
Solid-Liquid mixture
Filtration – How it works
• Mixture poured through filter paper with tiny
holes (“pores”).
Large particles
of solid

Small particles
Filter paper of liquid
with small holes

• Large particles of the solid gets - Residue

trapped.
• Small particles of liquid passes - Filtrate
through the filter.
Solid-Solid mixture
Solid-Liquid mixture
Filtration – How it works
Applications:
 A little extra: Buchner funnel
• Vacuum filtration is used primarily to collect a
desired solid,
• Vacuum filtration is faster than gravity filtration,
because the solvent or solution and air is forced
through the filter paper by the application of
reduced pressure.

• Note: Do not use vacuum filtration to filter a solid

from a liquid if it is the liquid that you want and if
the liquid is low boiling. Any solvent which boils
at about 125 degrees or lower will boil off under
the reduced pressure in the vacuum flask.
 Buchner funnel

• Vacuum filtration
Solid-Solid mixture
Solid-Liquid mixture
Filtration

What happens to the filtrate?

Can filtration be done to

separate solids dissolved in
solution?
 Notes
• Can Dyes be separated by filtration?
• Can salt be obtained from a mixture of salt
solution by filtration?
Dyes in ink go through the filter As dye molecules
are smaller than the pores in the filter paper and go
straight through them.

Salt in sea water cannot be separated from water by

filtration, as the sodium chloride molecules are
much smaller than the pores in the paper.
 Possible Scenario

? ?

Evaporate

Crystallisation

Suitable method of purification:

Which should we use?
Solid-Liquid mixture

Evaporation
Aim: To obtain a solute from its solution by
vaporising ALL the solvent. (E.g. To
obtain salt from salt solution.)
How it works?
When a solution is heated, only the
solvent boils away while the solute
remains. Evaporation is a process
where ALL the liquid has been
vaporised.
Solid-Liquid mixture

Evaporation

• When a solution is
heated, the liquid salt solution
evaporating dish
(solvent)
evaporates, leaving
behind the solid Salt solution
(solute) as residue.

• You will have only

the solid
component, as the heat

liquid component is
lost as vapour to
the surrounding.
Solid-Liquid mixture

Evaporation
• 2 types of evaporation technique:

Boiling to dryness
Evaporation using water bath
(slower)
Solid-Liquid mixture

Evaporation There is
Always
conditions
involved!!!

Conditions!!!!!
This method cannot be used for
substance which will decompose upon
strong heating.
E.g. Sugar, potassium nitrate etc
cannot be obtained from their
solution by evaporation them to
dryness. They will decompose.
Solid-Liquid mixture

Crystallisation
Aim: To obtain PURE solids from a
solution (solid will decompose upon
strong heating).
Do you

E.g. To obtain sugar from sugar know

others?

solution, Copper (II) Sulphate from

Copper (II) Sulphate solution.
solution
CRYSTALLISATION
Solid-Liquid mixture

Crystallisation
 Often after filtration.

The solution must be saturated.

Pure crystals Crystals are then
1. 2. 3. 4. collected and dried
Glass appear when the
Rod Evaporating hot solution cools. between filter
Solution dish papers. Crystals
Solvent
Impure
Solid Crystals
Filter paper

Heat the solution until MOST of Dissolved solid appears as pure

the solvent evaporate off. Allow crystals as the solution cools.
it to cool. (Steps to make Impurities remain dissolved in
solution saturated) the solution.
Solid-Liquid mixture

Crystals

Sugar crystals
Salt crystals

Copper(II)
sulphate crystals
 Have you noticed the difference of
evaporation from Crystallisation?
In a Solid-Liquid mixture, both Evaporation and
Crystallisation is used to obtained solid from its
solution.
Evaporation Crystallisation
Does solid decompose No Yes
upon strong heating?
How much solvent All Most
have to be vaporised?
 Summary:
Evaporation & Crystallization

To obtain a soluble
solid from a liquid in
solid-liquid mixture

Evaporation Crystallization
If solid does not If solid
decompose on decomposes on
heating heating
 Questions

1. Which of these is a pure substance?

Salt, Cooking oil, Tea leaves, Milk

• A liquid is likely to be pure if

A. it is colourless.
B. it boils at an exact temperature.
C. it dissolves in water.
D. it is neutral.
 Questions
1. Which of these techniques would produce
the largest crystals from an aqueous solution
of copper (II) sulphate?
A) Allowing the solution to evaporate
naturally.
B) Boiling off the water from the aqueous
solution.
C) Boiling off the water until crystals just
start to appear.
D) Heating the solution strongly then
cooling it using ice.
 Questions

4. Which of the following is the correct order for

purifying potassium nitrate from impure
saltpetre (naturally occuring potassium
nitrate) using water as a solvent?
A) dissolve – filter – evaporate -crystallise
B) dissolve – evaporate – crystallise - filter
C) filter – dissolve – evaporate - crystallise
D) evaporate – crystallise – dissolve - filter