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Lecture 7
1
Course Objectives
The aims of this course are to provide students
with an overview of various ergonomic factors in
the interfaces of a man machine system, and to
develop an understanding of related ergonomic
principles fundamental to the analysis and design
of interfaces like control-display panels, icons,
symbols, and tools and devices.
Students will be able to identify the critical
ergonomic factors in a man machine interface, and
apply the related principles to design user friendly,
safe, and productive man machine interface.
2
Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this course,
students should be able to:
Describe the basic ergonomic factors and related
problems in the interfaces of a man machine
system
Diagnose the problems of given man machine
interfaces
Apply relevant ergonomic principles and factors to
the solutions of given man machine interfaces
3
Human Factors in Engineering Design
Engineering Design is concerned with
the satisfaction of human needs.
Human Factors 5
What is Human Factors in Design?
Considering information about human behavior,
abilities, characteristics and physical limits
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Human factors Must be considered during
the design phase:
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ERGONOMICS
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Ergonomic needs in a workplace
Physical work environment
Thermal comfort
Noise and vibration control
Adequate and proper lighting
Chemical environment
Control of pollution
General and exhaust ventilation
Work physiology
Control excessive physical load
Avoid physical and muscular fatigue
Adequate rest pauses
Arrangement of static and dynamic 11
Ergonomic needs in a workplace
Anthropometry (Body sizes)
Occupational Biomechanics
12
Ergonomic needs in a workplace
Psychological aspects
Avoid perceptual and mental loads and fatigue
Appropriate design of displays and control
Appropriate conditions for vigilance tasks
Avoid human error and stress
Job motivation and satisfaction
Social psychology
13
Ergonomic needs in a workplace
Macro ergonomics
Suitable working hours, intervals, holidays, leave
Appropriate shift schedules
Welfare facilities
Job rotation and incentive schemes
Fair salary structure, good administrative structure
Good work organization schemes
Fringe benefits (housing, transport, sports)
Labour union facilities
Training and education
Promotional prospects
14
Ergonomic needs in a workplace
Safety and Ergonomics
Good housekeeping
Performance feedback
Systems ergonomics
Systems groups in problem solving and development work
Participative ergonomics
User centered designs
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Importance of Human Factors in Design
Improve productivity Ease and Efficiency
Improve safety
Improve comfort
Improve satisfaction
Decrease errors Human factors
Reduce fatigue
Reduce the learning curve
Meet user’s needs and Man Machine
wants
Positive perception of
product 16
Difficulties of Human Factors
• Humans are flexible and
adaptable
• Large individual differences
• Obvious differences:
Physical size and
strength
• Not obvious differences:
culture, style, and skill
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Forms of Human Factors
Anthropometric Anthropometric
(Human interaction in static sense;
dimensions of body)
Ergonomic
Ergonomic
(Human interaction in dynamic
sense; repeated tasks)
Physiological
(Human interaction with body Physiological
characteristics)
Psychological
(Human interaction with mental Psychological
activities)
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1. Anthropometric Factors Anthropometric
Psychological
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Anthropometric Factors
Adequate attention to the nature
of the physical dimensions of
humans
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Anthropometric Factors
Statistical distribution Cumulative distribution diagram is
(relative frequency) diagram an alternative method to present
for the height of people the same information
The average
22
Anthropometric
2. Ergonomic Factors
Greek Words: Ergon = work, Nomikos = law Ergonomic
Ergonomics= Study of Work Laws
25
Aircraft Instrument Panel
(Importance and Frequency)
3. Physiological Factors
• Factors dealing with human sensations Ergonomic
27
Physiological Factors
Human Factors 28
Physiological Factors (examples)
• Color • Noise
• Light • Speech
Vision Hearing
Weather Touch
• Temp. • Braille
• Humidity • Comfort
29
Physiological Factors
• It is necessary to achieve satisfactory intensity and color
discrimination and resolution
• Need careful design of lighting systems and selection of
materials and colors
• Consider the frequency analysis of the sounds
• Control the noise at its source
• The sense of touch is of great value in various recognition
situations (e.g., Braille printing)
• The atmospheric environment in which the human performs his
tasks may considerably affect his
working efficiency and accuracy
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Example Temperature:
When the temperature is below 10 oC, physical stiffness
begins.
Example Humidity
Human Factors 31
Anthropometri
4. Psychological Factors c
Psychological
This involves:
• Interpretation of information
• Motivation and fatigue
• Decision making
• Aesthetics (philosophy of art)
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Psychological Factors
• Use presentations which will lead to
minimum error of interpretation
• Retain the usual method of operation
(e.g., a power switch is ON when the
operating lever is DOWN
• Use digital indicators for precise
numerical values
• Use color coding on dials for fast
recognition: green-normal, yellow-
caution, red-danger
• Arrange control movement in a logical
manner
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4. Psychological Factors
Instrument
Human Factors 34
4. Psychological Factors
Color (indicators)
Movement:
Arrange control movement to coincide with
required direction of instrument pointer
movement.
Human Factors 35
Summary
Human Factors 36