Site Requirements

Site Requirements
• Following factors should be kept in view while making the
selection of site for a building.
1) The site should preferably be situated on an elevated and
leveled ground. It should not be located in flood prone area.

2) The soil at the site should not be of black cotton and should
have good value of bearing capacity.

3) The water table of ground at the site should not be high.

4) The site should not be in irregular shape or have sharp

corners. The site should preferably be rectangular or square
in shape.
1

1
 Site requirements

Site Requirements
5) The site should be in a developed area having facilities like
shopping, educational institutions, recreation, medical, post and
telegraph, police station, fire station , transport and utility services
like water supply drainage and sanitation, gas supply electricity etc.

6) The site should be located away from quarries, kilns, industrial

plants/buildings emitting smoke, steam, fumes of obnoxious odor,
noise or the similar environmental pollutants.

7) The site should have unobstructed natural light and air and the
building on the proposed site should not get overshadowed from
adjacent building.

8) The site should have clear status of the present ownership or the
title of the property.
2

DTEL 2
LECTURE 35: SITE REQUIREMENTS Responsibility of owner

Responsibility of Owner
• It is the duty of owner to appoint suitable supervising agency as recognized by
the local authority for the implementation of byelaws in an effective manner.
• Following are the usual supervising agencies recognized by the local authority.
1) Supervisor: A person can be qualified as licensed supervisor if he is holding a
degree in Civil Engineering or Architecture or if he is a diploma holder in Civil
Engineering.
2) Architect: If the person is registered as an architect as per the architect act
1972 he can obtain the license to work as an architect.
3) Engineer: A degree holder in Civil Engineering with two years of practical
experience or a diploma holder in civil engineering with five years of practical
experience can obtain the license to work as a licensed engineer.
4) Structural designer: A degree holder in Civil engineering with three years of
practical experience in structural design can qualify a person to obtain the
license to work as a structural designer.
3

DTEL 3
LECTURE 35: SITE REQUIREMENTS Objective of bye-laws

Objective of Bye-laws
• The building bye laws are essential to achieve the following
objectives.
1) It prevents construction of building in haphazard manner.
2) It lays down guidelines to be followed by architect/ engineer
involving the building layout and plans to ensure planned
development of the area as a whole.
3) The building which are planned based on bye-laws are
comfortable to live in, have proper light and ventilation and
are safe.
4) Bye-laws serve as standard document for the local bodies to
lawfully enforce the prescribed norms in the planning of
building by the architect. 4

4
LECTURE 35: SITE REQUIREMENTS Applicability of bye-laws

Applicability of Bye-laws
• The byelaws are made applicable under the following three circumstances:-

1) Additions and alterations to a building : If the owner desires to make

additions, alterations, modifications or extension to a building the plans
showing the proposed work should get prepared from the licensed person for
submission to concerned authority. The owner can carry out such additions,
alterations etc. only after getting his plans approved by the concerned
authority.

2) New construction : The plan showing the project proposed to be constructed

on a particular site has to suitably sanctioned before commencing the work.

3) Requirement of open space: The open space shown on plan and provided in
conformity with the bye laws can not be converted and it has to be kept
permanently open. If the bye laws are subsequently amended and if it
becomes legal to cover the open space the same can be carried out after
getting the approval of the concerned authority.
5

DTEL 5
LECTURE 35: SITE REQUIREMENTS Important terminologies in Building Bye-laws

Important Terminologies in Building

Bye-laws

• Floor area ratio

• Carpet area

• Plinth area
6

DTEL 6
LECTURE 36: SITE REQUIREMENTS Plinth area

Plinth Area
• This is built up covered area measured at the
floor level of the building .

DTEL 7
LECTURE 36: SITE REQUIREMENTS Floor area

Floor Area
• It is the usable covered area of the building at
any floor level.
• Floor levels = Plinth area – walls
• Following areas should be included:
 Doors and other openings
 Internal Pillars and support
 Plasters along the wall exceeding 300m2

DTEL 8
LECTURE 36: SITE REQUIREMENTS

Built up Area
• It is the area covered by all floors of a building
• It includes everything covered under roof.
• Area occupied by balcony is excluded from built
up area
Covered Area
• It is the ground covered above plinth.
• Area covered by compound wall, uncovered
porches is not included in this.
9

DTEL 9
LECTURE 36: SITE REQUIREMENTS Carpet area

Carpet Area
• This is the usable floor area at any floor level
excluding sanitary accommodations,
verandahs, corridors, passage, staircase,
garage, canteen,lifts,air condition ducts etc.

10

DTEL 10
LECTURE 36: SITE REQUIREMENTS Floor area ratio

Floor Area Ratio/

Floor Space Index
• It is defined as ratio of built up area to the plot area.
• F.S.I. = Built up area/Area of plot.
• FSI is an important requirement to control the
density of population.
• By adopting proper FSI and height of building, the
population density and overcrowding of structures
can be controlled and thus planned development of
the area can be achieved.
• This is maintained by governing authority of
particular city. 11

11
LECTURE 36: SITE REQUIREMENTS

Open Space Requirement

• The open space around the building is required to be provided to
meet requirements regarding lighting, ventilation, future
expansion and approach.

• Open space for front, rear and side yards depend upon height
building and can be calculated by formula-
W= width of open space in m = 3 + (h/10)/3
h= height of building in m

• Open space for rear yard for the bldg. of height less than 10m,
should be 3m average but in no case less than 1.8m.

12

DTEL 12
LECTURE 36: SITE REQUIREMENTS

Norms for Residential Building

Various Heights are:-

13

DTEL 13
LECTURE 36: SITE REQUIREMENTS

Norms for Residential Building

Internal dimensions of various rooms:

14

DTEL 14
LECTURE 36: SITE REQUIREMENTS

Norms for Residential Building

15

DTEL 15
LECTURE 40:Principles of planning • Principles of planning

General principles of planning with

emphasis on functional planning.
• Principles of planning
Whether it is general housing or industrial
housing or any other type of housing certain
general principles of planning should carefully
be considered and checked before finalization
of the plan

16

DTEL 16
Principles of building planning

•The term planning of a building refers to

mean the arrangement of all the units of a
building on all the floors and at all the levels.

•There are certain general principles which

as a engineer should bear in mind while
planning a building.
LECTURE 40:Principles of planning Principles of planning

Principles of planning
1) Aspect
2) Prospect
3) Grouping
4) Economy
5) Roominess
6) Circulation
7) Flexibility
8) Furniture requirement
9) Elegance
10) Privacy and
11) Sanitation
18

DTEL 18
LECTURE 40:Principles of planning Aspect

Aspect
• Aspect in the broader sense means to direct proper
sunshine and breeze to create a pleasant and hygienic
atmosphere.
• As per rule every habitable room shall have opening
directly to the external air or in to an open verandah,
excluding doors inclusive of frames shall not be less than
a) One tenth of the floor area for dry hot climate
b) One sixth of the floor area for wet hot climate
c) One-eighth of the floor area for intermediate climate
d) One twelfth of the floor area for cold climate
and cross ventilation by means of windows shall be effected
either by means of windows in opposite walls or if this is
not possible or advisable, then at least in the adjoining
wall. 19

DTEL 19
 1: SITE
LECTURE 40: REQUIREMENTS
Principles of planning Prospect

Prospect
• Prospect means the outside view as seen
while looking through the window and doors
in external walls from room of the house.
• Everyone desires that outside views from a
room of building should be pleasant and
accordingly doors and windows should be
located in the external wall.
20

DTEL 20
 1: SITE
LECTURE 40: REQUIREMENTS
Principles of planning Grouping

Grouping
• It is the arrangement of various rooms with reference to their
function.
• For residential building planning should be grouped as
a) Living area- living area is area for the general use and should
be next to the front verandah and near the entrance.
b) Sleeping area- This is the area of bed room and should be
located so as to guard privacy.
c) Service area- This includes the area of Kitchen, dining room,
bath room and toilet.

21

DTEL 21
 1: SITE
LECTURE 41: REQUIREMENTS
Principles of planning Roominess

Roominess
• Roominess is the accomplishment of economy of
space. Planning should be such that maximum
benefits can be obtained from the minimum
dimensions required for the functions expected to be
availed front the space.
• For utility a rectangular room is better than a square
room of the same floor area. Accordingly length and
breadth ration should be 1.2:1 to 1.5:1.
• In case the length of a room is more than one and
half times more its width it will cause tunnel effect.
22

DTEL 22
 1: SITE
LECTURE 41: REQUIREMENTS
Principles of planning Circulation

Circulation
• A certain amount of free space area is
required for movement and across to different
rooms kitchen, bath, etc. for those who use
the building and is known as circulation or
free space area.
• This includes verandahs, balconies, passages,
corridors, porches, entrance hall, staircases,
shafts for lifts. 23

DTEL 23
LECTURE 42:Principles of planning Flexibility

Flexibility
• The term flexibility means provision in original plan for
its future extension or change in inside planning of
room, bathrooms, W.C. etc. by changing the position of
partition walls.
• For RCC framed structure building greater freedom in
planning i.e. flexibility can be availed of.
• Future extension or development in public buildings
like school, hospital, hostel etc. becomes necessary
stage by stage. So the present planning for such cases
should be flexible to provide the future demands

24

DTEL 24
 1: SITE
LECTURE 42: REQUIREMENTS
Principles of planning Furniture requirements

Furniture requirements
• During planning location of furniture and other utility articles
should be so arranged in the respective rooms so as to give
maximum area for movements, convenience for operating
door and window shutters and comfortable breeze to bed.
During planning if the point of furniture requirement is
neglected then difficulties may arise to place the Elmira,
dressing table, and bed for bedding in the bedroom, television
set showcase in the drawing room, dining table with chair in
the dinning room.

25

DTEL 25
LECTURE
LECTURE42:Principles of planning
1: SITE REQUIREMENTS Elegance

Elegance
• Elegance means the external appearance of
the building produced by elevation depending
upon the proportion of width, height, and
position of doors and windows and also
choice of materials. During planning of a
building architectural design and composition
should be visualized to create elegant
structures.
26

DTEL 26
LECTURE 42:Principles of planning
Privacy

Privacy
• Sound planning protects privacy of occupants of a
building. Thus privacy is of two kinds
1) External privacy- External privacy of whole building
with reference to the surrounding buildings and road
can be guarded by placing the window sills at such a
height that can cut the vision of outsiders to the bed
in the bedroom or dinning table top but does not
stands against entry of outside air. This can also be
protected by screening entrance, planting trees etc.

27

DTEL 27
LECTURE 42:Principles of planning Internal privacy

2) Internal privacy
• In modern planning it is often seen that a big central
hall is provided to serve as drawing cum dining room,
Bedrooms, kitchen, water closet, and bath rooms are
arranged along two long sides of the drawing cum
dining room. Such planning of room often can not
satisfy the factor of privacy, one can see the inside of
kitchen and portions of bed room as soon as he
enters in to the hall. In this case location of doors
should be such that the privacy is maintained.
28

DTEL 28
LECTURE 42:Principles of planning

Sanitation
Sanitation means environment of house and
includes a) a) lighting
• b) ventilation
• c) cleanliness and
• d) plumbing services.

29

DTEL 29
LECTURE 42: FUNCTIONAL
PLANNING
Arrangement of rooms for residential
building, usual requirement and purpose
• Rooms should be arranged according to their
functional requirements and for this flow diagram
should be drawn. Such a diagram illustrates the
relationship that should exist among rooms. For an
example a flow diagram is shown in previous slide.
• An internal services should be worked out so as to
minimize extensive plumbing and sanitary work. The
bath and W.C. unit should be adjacent to the rear
wall. Facilities for washing utensils, drying of clothes
should be provided. 30

DTEL 30
LECTURE 42: FUNCTIONAL PLANNING

Different rooms according to

functional planning
• Drawing or living room
• Bedroom
• Guest room
• Kitchen
• Dining room
• Pantry
• Storeroom
• Bath and W.C.
• Dressing room
• Corridor
• Verandah
• Puja or prayer room
• stair
• Garage
• Mezzanine floor 31

DTEL 31
LECTURE 42: FUNCTIONAL PLANNING

various requirements for residential,

public, education and industrial buildings.
• The design of a public building depends upon the nature of
the building. Every building is having a special character of its
own. The function of the building is to be ascertained first.
The different blocks or units are to be planned. The units are
then joined together to from the whole building . The sizes of
various units depend upon the number of persons working,
furniture required, spaces necessary for movements etc. As
such no hard and fast dimensions can be given. However
some average dimensions are given for the guidance of the
students.
32

DTEL 32
Steps and Stairs
•Stepsandstairsaremeanttoprovideaccessbet
weendifferentlevels.Stairsshouldbeproperlyloc
atedtoprovideeasyaccessandfastservicestothe
building.
•Inoneflightmaximum8stepsshouldbeprovide
dformorethan8stepsitisrecommendedtoprovi
dethemwithlending.
•Generallyforresidentialbuildingwidthofstairis
1.0mand1.2m
•Noofrisers=Totalheightoffloor/Heightofriser
•Nooftread=Numberofriser-1
Steps and Stairs
Different types of buildings
•Buildings are classified based upon its occupancy and
structure
•Building are classified based upon occupancy as
•Residential Building
•Educational Building
•Institutional Building
•Assembly building
•Business buildings
•Mercantile buildings
•Industrial Buildings
•Storage buildings
•Hazardous buildings
•ResidentialBuilding:Buildingsinwhichsleepin
garrangementsareprovidedwithorwithout
cooking arrangement.Itincludessingleormulti-
familydwelling,apartments,lodgings,restauran
ts,hostels,dormitoriesandhotels
•Educationalbuilding:TheseIncludeanybuildin
gusedforschool,college,educationpurposes.
•InstitutionalBuilding:these buildings used
fordifferentpurposes,suchasmedicalorothertr
eatment.Theyincludehospitals,sanatorium,jail
s,asylum
•AssemblyBuildings:Thesearethebuildingswh
eregroupofpeoplesmeetorgatherforamuseme
nt,social,religious,political,civil,travelandsimil
arpurposes.E.g.theatres,motionpictures,hous
es,assemblyhalls,restaurantsassemblyhalls.
•Businessbuildings:Thesebuildingsareusedfor
transactionsofbusiness,forkeepingaccountsan
dforsimilarotherpurposes.
•Mercantilebuilding:Thesebuildingareusedas
shops,stores,marketfordisplayandsaleofmerc
handiseeitherwholesaleorretail,office,shops,s
torageservices.
LECTURE-36 Climate and design consideration Climate and design consideration

Climate and Design Consideration

• Improved indoor comfort conditions can be achieved
by paying due regard to:
1) Orientation of the building:
• It is the method of proper placement of planned
units of the building in relation to natural elements
like sun, rain, outlook, topography, etc.
• The position of building is decided with respect to
north, to place the different units of the room to
achieve natural ventilation, air circulation and
lightening so as to achieve maximum advantage
from natural element. 39

DTEL 39
LECTURE-37 Climate and design
Types of climate zone
consideration

Types of climate zone

• From consideration of design, India can be
divided in to four types of climate zone
1) Hot and arid zone
2) Hot and humid zone
3) Warm and humid zone
4) Cold zone

40

DTEL 40
LECTURE-37 Climate and design Orientation of building in hot and arid zone
consideration

Orientation of Building in Hot and Arid

Zone
• The characteristic feature of the climate in such a zone
is high in summer days temperature up to 450 C and
above; cool to very cold during winter and warm &
humid during monsoon season (humidity as low as
20%) Agra, Allahabad, Ajmer, Bikaner, Jaipur, Kanpur,
Nagpur, Delhi, and Varanasi, and some of the towns
which falls under this climate zone.
• Based on investigation carried out by C.B.R.I. (Central
Building Research Institute) Roorkee, has suggested
following orientation for building in different parts of
the country falling in Hot and arid zone: 41

DTEL 41
LECTURE-37 Climate and design Cont…
consideration

Cont…
I) Northern India(Punjab): The building should be
orientated along East and West, facing North.
II) Central India: The building should be oriented along
East-south East and west –North, west facing North
East.
III) Delhi: Delhi has a mixed climate varying from cool
temperate and finally to hot and dry. Based on
recommendation on Delhi development authority,
Optimum orientation for a building is 200 c East of
south. Range of desirable orientation for a building
should however be 300 C West and East of south and
300 C West and East of North. 42

DTEL 42
LECTURE-37 Climate and design Orientation of building in hot and humid zone
consideration

Orientation of building in hot and

humid zone
• The characteristic feature of hot and humid climate is
that, the mean daily maximum temperature is above
320 C and the relative humidity is above 40% during
the hottest month of the year. Thus buildings in this
zone are subject to low summer day time
temperature and high relative humidity mostly due
to aggressive monsoons, such zone occur mostly
along coastal belt. Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, etc. are
some of the towns which falls under this zone.
43

DTEL 43
LECTURE-38
LECTURE 1:Climate and design
SITE REQUIREMENTS
consideration

Based on C.B.R.I. suggestions the orientation of

building in Hot and humid zone and warm and
Humid zone could be as under:
I) West coast Regions (like Bombay): The
building should be oriented south-East and
North-West facing south-west
II) East coast region (like Madras) : The building
shall be oriented South-East and North-West.
III) Bengal : The building should be oriented
along East and West facing south.
44

DTEL 44
LECTURE-38
LECTURE 1:Climate and design
SITE REQUIREMENTS Orientation of buildings in cold zone
consideration

Orientation of buildings in cold zone

• The characteristic feature of cold zone is that

its temperature is around 6O C or less during
the months of December and January and the
place is located at a hill having altitude of
more than 1200m above mean sea level.
Darjeeling, Gulmarg, Leh, Mussoorie, Shimla,
Srinagar, are some of the towns which fall
under this zone.
45

DTEL 45
LECTURE-38
LECTURE 1:Climate and design
SITE REQUIREMENTS orientation of building in warm and Humid zone
consideration

Orientation of building in warm and

Humid zone
• The characteristics feature of climate in this
zone is more or less identical to Hot and
Humid zone except that the relative humidity
of climate in warm and Humid zone range
between 70% to 90%. Cochin, Dwarka,
Guwahati, and puri and some of the towns
which fall in this zone.
46

DTEL 46
LECTURE-39
LECTURE 1:Climate and design
SITE REQUIREMENTS
consideration

 Based on investigations carried out by various building research

organization in the country following suggestions are made which
should be kept in view while designing the building in different
climates:-

• For buildings in hot climate, living rooms on the south and west
sides should be protected by verandahs.
• Bath, W.C. storeroom etc. sun shade may be provided to cut off the
sun on the south and west side.
• Eastern or northern eastern corner is the best for kitchen. The
kitchen should have cross ventilation.
• For bed rooms at least one wall must on the outside for good
ventilation and the rooms should be placed in the direction of the
prevailing wind.
47

DTEL 47
LECTURE-39
LECTURE 1:Climate and design
SITE REQUIREMENTS Contd…
consideration

• Water closet should be located in such a manner that

the foul smell should exit in direction away from the
house.
• Rooms which remain normally occupied during day
time should be located on the north and East side to
secure maximum glare free natural light.
• In case of public buildings like schools, hospitals etc.
one of the long side should preferably face North
and South to receive more solar heat during winter
months. The west side of the building should be
protected by verandah or by other means.
48

DTEL 48
LECTURE-39
LECTURE 1:Climate and design
SITE REQUIREMENTS Contd…
consideration

• Drawing office dark room etc. should be located on the north

side. Trees creepers etc. when planted on the sunny side help
to reduce the effect of heat on the building by sliding the wall
surface. Tree planted suitably also serves a barriers to obstruct
the hot winds striking the building .
• Spraying of water on roof and applying coat of white wash on
roof surfaces during summer months give cooling effect of the
building .
• Penetration of sunlight in to the building can also be controlled
by providing louvers, blinds for glazed areas tinted glass or
curtains etc.
• For designing building in cold climate/hilly areas the living
should generally open on the south and west sides to achieve
maximum solar heat gain. For windows double glazing is
desirable to avoid heat loss during winter nights.
49

DTEL 49
ASPECT FOR RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING WITH THE HELP
OF SUN DIAGRAM