Dhaval B Vora

&
P Sriraam
 Diabetes is a disorder where a
person has high blood sugar
because:
• The body does not produce insulin
• The body does not respond to insulin
Insulin is a hormone
secreted by the beta cells
of pancreas.

Insulin helps the adipose,

skeletal and fat tissues
to absorb glucose. Insulin Molecule
 Types of Diabetes
Diabetes is of four types:

1. Gestational Diabetes
2. Diabetes Insipidus
3. Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
4. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
 Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes is found in pregnant women.

1. It is found in women who were not found to

have diabetes before pregnancy.

2. This form of diabetes is short lived and

disappears after child birth.
 Causes for Gestational Diabetes

• Women require insulin in excess during

pregnancies.
• Normally the body automatically secretes
more insulin.
• But in some women, this doesn’t happen
resulting in excess glucose in blood.
 Results and Treatment
Results:
• Increased blood sugar
• Unhealthy foetus
• Fatigue Insulin Pen

Treatment:
• Administration of insulin externally can solve the
problem.
 Diabetes Insipidus

Diabetes Insipidus (shortly DI) is

an indirect form of diabetes.

There is no elevated blood

glucose level.

It is described as a condition
characterized by:
• Excessive dilute urination
• Excessive thirst
Diabetes insipidus is
caused due to the
absence or resistance to
Antidiuretic Hormone
(ADH).
ADH is also called
Vasopressin.
It is synthesized in the
hypothalamus and
stored in the vesicles of
pituitary. Hypothalamus
• It is an osmoregulator hormone.

• It works by controlling the permeability of

the kidney cells to water.

• When blood is concentrated it makes cells

more permeable so as to absorb more
water.
Cause due to ADH Cause due to ADH
Deficiency: Resistance:

• There is a deposition on the

• The cells of kidney become
kidney cell.
thick.

• The deposition may be due to

• They don’t absorb water.
hypercalcemia.

• This layer formation is

described, Amyloidosis.
 Why is DI under Diabetes?

• DI should not be confused with Diabetes

Mellitus.

• It is called Diabetes just because it shares

a common symptom of the other types of
Diabetes, Polydipsia and Polyurea.
 Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
• This is an autoimmune disease.

• It is also called juvenile diabetes or

Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
(IDDM).

• It is a type of diabetes where the patient

is unable to produce insulin due to the
absence or fewer number of beta
cells in their pancreas.

• It is also called Insulin Dependent

Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
 Symptoms of IDDM

• Increase in blood glucose level.

• Polyurea and polydipsia.

• Tiredness.
 Causes for IDDM
• IDDM is an autoimmune disease.

• Caused because of destruction of beta cells.

• Beta cells are destroyed by the body’s immune

system.

• The reason is not fully known and is explained

by genetic defects to some extent.
 Serum Albumin Globulin
• Serum Albumin is present in cow’s milk.

• As baby’s immune system is stimulated by

mother’s milk, it was hypothesized cow’s
milk stimulated autoinfection at infant
stage.

• This has been proved wrong.

 Other causes for IDDM
• The beta cells is can be destroyed by viral
infection in the Islets of Langerhans.

• It can also be destroyed by chemicals and

drugs.

• Pyriuron, an antirodent chemical, selectively

destroys the beta cells.

• Till today the exact cause of Type 1 diabetes is

not fully understood.
 Treatment of IDDM
• As there is deficient production of insulin,
external administration of insulin is needed
by the patient.

• A pancreatic transplant may also be

carried out.

• Stem-cell technique is being recently

developed to grow new beta cells.
 Prevention of IDDM
• Presently there are no preventive
measures that could be taken.

• Certain immunosuppressive drugs can be

given at young age.

• As these drugs cause serious side effects,

they are not used.
 Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Universal blue ring to

symbolize diabetes

Type 2 Diabetes is a disorder where the

cells in the body rejects insulin due to
Insulin Resistance.
• Insulin helps the adipose, skeletal and fat
tissues, absorb glucose.

• Insulin forms a complex

with glucose and
attaches to the glucose
transporters to be absorbed by the cell.
 Glucose Transporters
• Because glucose is a polar molecule, transport
through biological membranes requires
specific transport

• Glucose transporters are proteins found on the

surface of all the cells of the body.

• They help the cells absorb glucose to be stored

as glycogen
 Insulin Resistance

• Insulin Resistance is a condition where the

cells do not accept insulin.

• This happens because there are no

glucose transporters on the surface of the
cells.
 When Cell Resists Insulin…
• When there is Insulin Resistance, the cells do
not get glucose.

• As they don’t get glucose, they breakdown

glycogen supplied by liver for energy.

• The end product of glycogen hydrolysis is,

glucose.

• Thus, this increases the blood glucose.

 Result of the condition…
• The pancreas secrete enough insulin to remove
only that glucose that came from food.

• As due to Insulin Resistance, there is more

glucose in blood resulting from hydrolysis of
glycogen, the normal quantities on insulin is not
enough.

• This causes Diabetes Mellitus Type 2.

 Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus
Type Two
Diabetic symptoms include:

• Increased blood glucose level.

• Fatigue.

• Excessive urination and thirst.

 Causes of Diabetes Mellitus

• Diabetes Mellitus type 2 is caused

because the cell develops Insulin
Resistance.

• The causes for diabetes mellitus are the

factors that trigger Insulin Resistance.
 Main Cause for Insulin Resistance
• The body secretes a
hormone during stress called
cortisol.

• Cortisol destroys the glucose

transporter proteins on the
surface of the cells.

• Thus stress is the direct

cause to diabetes.
• It was found through an incident “The Dutch
Famine of 1944” that most of those children born
during the famine developed diabetes type 2
later.

• This shows that malnutrition during foetal stage

may be a potential cause for diabetes although
the phenomenon was not thoroughly
understood.
 To Differentiate Type I & II
Type I Type II

• The beta cells are • The beta cells are not

destroyed. destroyed.

• The hyperglycemia is • Hyperglycemia is

caused because of caused because of
absence of insulin. glucose resulting
hydrolysis of
glycogen.
 Preventive Measures For
Diabetes
Diabetes Mellitus type 2 can be prevented by :

• Eating healthy food.

• Exercising regularly and keeping ourselves fit.

• Staying away from stress.