PR E S E N TAT IO N O N

“ FR E E G OV E R N O R M O D E O PE R AT IO N ”
ORDERS

IEGC 1.6 IEGC 6.2 (e) & 6.2(f) IEGC 6.2 (g)

CERC ORDER ON FREE GOVERNOR

IEGC 6.2 (h) WB dt 02/01/01 OPERATION

KERALA LETTER
ON FGM
WHY DOES FREQUENCY DROP ?
Sudden addition of load causes a drop in frequency.
An increased load is supplied through an increase in the load angle by which
the rotor lags the stator field.
It means a loss of Kinetic Energy of the rotating M/c and a
slower speed of rotation i.e. a lower frequency.
f = (P/2) X (N/60)
Where f = frequency of the system
P = no of poles of the M/c.
N = rpm of the M/c
 PRIMARY CONTROLS

• Load dependent on frequency

•Free Governor Operation

•Under Frequency Operation

ABT AND GOVERNOR
POST ABT FREQUENCY WITHIN 49 TO 50.5HZ

ACHIEVED BY STAGGERING OF LOADS

FLUCTUATION IN FREQUENCY INCREASED

GOVERNOR

SPEED GOVERNOR IS THE CONTROLLING MECHANISM WHICH

CONTROLS THE INPUT TO THE PRIME MOVER AUTOMATICALLY

WHEN THERE IS A CHANGE IN SYSTEM SPEED (FREQUENCY)

WHEN THERE IS A CHANGE IN SYSTEM FREQUENCY GOVERNOR

RESPONSE BY CAUSING VALVES/GATES TO OPEN/CLOSE TO

INCREASE/DECREASE THE INPUT TO THE PRIME MOVER

MISCONCEPTION
Governors attempt to restore frequency to normal.

In reality, Governors attempt to restore load generation balance, using

frequency change as a signal.
 CHARACTERISTICS

1. Respond promptly to a small change in speed.

2. Adjust the throttle valve with a minimum of overshoot.
3. Have sufficient power to overcome friction losses and unbalance forces in the throttle
valve.
4. Permit very little speed fluctuation under constant load and steam conditions.
DROOP CHARACTERISTICS
THE AMOUNT OF SPEED (OR FREQUENCY) CHANGE THAT IS NECESSARY
TO CAUSE THE MAIN PRIME MOVER CONTROL MECHANISM TO MOVE
FROM FULLY CLOSED TO FULLY OPEN.
NORMAL RANGE - 3 TO 5%
THE MINIMUM RATE OF CHANGE OF SPEED SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN
0.4 TIMES OF ITS DROOP.
THE MAXIMUM RATE OF CHANGE OF SPEED SHOULD NOT BE MORE
THAN 3 TIMES OF ITS DROOP.
 PARTICIPATION OF 5% DROOP ON 200MW & 500MW GENERATORS

600

500

400
GENERATION IN MW --->

300
100MW for 0.5HZ
Frequency

200

100
40MW for 0.5HZ
Frequency

0
49 49.5 50 50.5 51 51.5
FREQ IN HZ --->
 RESPONSE BY A 500 MW GENERATOR WITH DIFFRENT DROOP

500
500
500

450

400
400 375
350 4 % DROOP
300
300
MW ->

250
250
5 % DROOP
200
200

150
125
100
100

50

0 0

48 48.5 49 49.5 50 50.5 51 51.5

HZ->
FREQUENCY DECAY RATE
Approximate Freq 5 X Lost Generation
Decay Rate = --------------------------------------
In Hz / sec Remaining Generation

Example:-

200MW
22000MW Generation Lost

Freq decay rate = (5 X 200) / 20000 = 0.05 Hz /second

GOVERNOR TIME LAG
TIME TAKEN BY GOVERNOR TO JUST BEGIN CHANGING POWER OUTPUT
TO STABILISE FREQUENCY.
OR
TIME BETWEEN A CHANGE IN GENERATOR SPEED & CHANGE IN
TURBINE POWER.
BASIC TYPE OF CONTROLS

• BOILER FOLLOWING SYSTEM

• TURBINE FOLLOWING SYSTEM

• COMPOSITE CONTROL SYSTEM

ADVANTAGES
1. Reduce the random change of frequency
2. Mitigate effect of load generation mismatch
3. Prevents wastage of fuel during low load condition
4. Faster restoration from grid disturbance
FREE GOVERNOR OPERATION
Mother of all
Controls

World wide
Self healing
mandatory
mechanism
practice

Makes
Collectively
restoration
Control
easy

Reduces risk Most

of collapse equitable
 CERC ORDER ON ‘IEGC’ DATED 22.02.2002

1.6 Free-Governor Action:

The dates from which the stipulations under sections 4.8(c), 4.8(d), 6.2(e), 6.2(f),
6.2(g) and 6.2(h) would come into effect shall be as under :
(i) All thermal generating units of installed capacity 200 MW and above and reservoir
based hydro units of installed capacity 50 MW and above :

Southern Region }
}
Eastern Region }
}
Northern Region } The date for the
} implementation of the
Western Region } Commercial mechanism
} mentioned in Section 7.1(d)
(ii) All thermal and reservoir based hydro } for the respective region.
generating units of installed capacity }
10 MW and above in North Eastern Region }
(iii) All other generating units - three months after the above dates for the respective
regions except in the case of Nuclear Power Stations which shall be exempted till the next
review of the IEGC.
Any exemption from the above may be granted only by CERC for which the
concerned constituent shall file a petition in advance.

UNQUOTE
 CERC ORDER ON ‘IEGC’ DATED 22.02.2002

6.2(e) All generating units, which are synchronised with the grid, irrespective of

their ownership, type and size, shall have their governors in normal operation at all

times. If any generating unit of over fifty (50) MW size (10 MW for North Eastern

Region) is required to be operated without its governor in normal operation, the

RLDC shall be immediately advised about the reason and duration of such

operation. All governors shall have a droop of between 3% and 6%.

6.2(f) Facilities available with/in load limiters, Automatic Turbine Run up System

(ATRS), Turbine supervisory control, coordinated control system, etc. shall not be

used to suppress the normal governor action in any manner. No dead bands and/or

time delays shall be deliberately introduced.

 CERC ORDER ON ‘IEGC’ DATED 22.02.2002

6.2(g) All Generating Units, operating at/up to 100% of their Maximum Continuous

Rating (MCR) shall normally be capable of (and shall not in any way be prevented from)

instantaneously picking up five per cent (5%) extra load for at least five (5) minutes or

within technical limits prescribed by the manufacturer when frequency falls due to a

system contingency. The generating units operating at above 100% of their MCR shall

be capable of (and shall not be prevented from) going at least up to 105% of their MCR

when frequency falls suddenly. Any generating unit of over fifty (50) MW size (10 MW for

NER) not complying with the above requirement, shall be kept in operation

(synchronised with the Regional grid) only after obtaining the permission of RLDC.

However, the constituent can make up the corresponding short fall in spinning reserve

by maintaining an extra spinning reserve on the other generating units of the constituent.
 CERC ORDER ON ‘IEGC’ DATED 22.02.2002

6.2(h) The recommended rate for changing the governor setting, i.e. supplementary

control for increasing or decreasing the output (generation level) for all generating .units,

irrespective of their type and size, would be one (1.0) per cent per minute or as per

manufacturer's limits. However, if frequency falls below 49.5 Hz, all partly loaded

generating units shall pick up additional load at a faster rate, according to their capability.
 FREE GOVERNOR MODE OF
OPERATION
CERC Order ON ‘IEGC’ dated 21.12.1999
Quote
6.2 (c) All generating units, which are synchronised with the
grid, irrespective of their ownership, type and size, shall have
their governors in normal operation at all times. If any
generating unit of over fifty (50) MW size (10 MW for North
Eastern Region) is required to be operated without its governor
in normal operation, the RLDC shall be immediately advised
about the reason and duration of such operation. All governors
shall have a droop of between 3% and 6%.
Unquote
SRLDC Requested all constituents including ISGS vide letter
dated 3rd Jan 03 to take a lead in this matter.
 FREE GOVERNOR MODE OF
OPERATION
• The matter discussed in 368th OCC meeting
• All SR constituents/ISGS agreed to convey their readiness by 21.01.2003
• SRLDC again requested all constituents vide letter dt.21.01.03 to intimate unit/station wise status/ programme
• Matter discussed in 109th TCC/131st SREB meeting.
• ISGS/SR constituents agreed for FGM by 1st May 2003.
• Discussed in 369th, 370th, 371st & 372nd OCC meetings.
• KSEB & TNEB furnished unit wise/ station wise program/ constraint/ preparedness
• APTRANSCO conveyed readiness for FGM of all generators except thermal units of APGENCO
• Freq response characteristics calculation details covering 3 events furnished for examination & necessary
feedback by the constituents.
• Constituents Actual response Shortfall
(AVG) (AVG)

AP 2% 98 %
KAR 17 % 83 %
KER 29 % 71 %
TN 13 % 87 %

• Matter again discussed in 110th TCC/132nd SREB meeting.

• All SR constituents/ISGS agreed for FGM by 1st August 2003.
• Action by constituents to achieve the target to be discussed.
• Present status to be reviewed.
Thank you