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Rogers
WI 3.1
Welding Inspection
Welding Imperfections
Course notes section reference 3
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M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Faults in Fusion Welds
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M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Faults in Fusion Welds
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M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Weld Defect Classification
Defects can be grouped under three main
classifications
Planar Defects: linear from at least one dimension
• Cracks
• Lack of fusion
Linear Volumetric Defects: Linear in length with volume
• Slag lines
• lack of fusion with associated slag
• Piping.
Non-planar defects: rounded indications without significant length
• Slag inclusions
• Gas pores/blow holes.
• Other metallic and non-metallic inclusions
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M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Faults in Fusion Welds
Defects which may be detected by visual inspection
can be grouped under the following headings
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M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Cracks
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WI 3.1
Cracks
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WI 3.1
Cracks
Cracks that may occur in welded materials are caused
generally by many factors and may be classified by
shape and position, cracks are classed as planar.
Branched Crater
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M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Inclusions
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WI 3.1
Gas Cavities
Gas pore <1.5mm Blow hole.>1.6mm
Gas pore Cluster porosity
Loss of gas shield
Damp electrodes
Contamination
Blow hole
Herringbone porosity Arc length too large
Porosity
Root piping
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WI 3.1
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WI 3.1
Lack of Fusion
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WI 3.1
Lack of Fusion
1 current/voltage
2
Incorrect travel speed
1. Lack of sidewall fusion Incorrect inter-run cleaning
2. Lack of inter-run fusion
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M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Lack of Fusion
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WI 3.1
Overlap
An imperfection at the toe or root of a weld caused by
metal flowing on to the surface of the parent metal
without fusing to it
Contamination
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WI 3.1
Overlap
Toe Overlap
Butt weld
Toe Overlap
Fillet weld
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WI 3.1
Weld Root Defects
Low Amps/volts
Contamination
Incomplete root penetration
Arc blow
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M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Weld Root Defects
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WI 3.1
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WI 3.1
Weld Profile Defects
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WI 3.1
Weld Profile Defects
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WI 3.1
Poor stop/starts
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WI 3.1
Miscellaneous Defects
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WI 3.1
Miscellaneous Defects
Spatter
Excessive current
Damp electrodes
Contamination
Arc blow
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WI 3.1
Miscellaneous Defects
Arc strike
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WI 3.1
Cap & Root Undercut
An irregular groove at the toe of a weld run in the
parent metal
Excessive amps/volts
Excessive weaving
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WI 3.1
Cap Undercut
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WI 3.1
Weld Root Defect
A shallow groove, which may occur in the root of a butt weld
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WI 3.1
Weld Root Defect
Concave Root
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WI 3.1
Weld Root Defect
Excessive amps/volts
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WI 3.1
Weld Root Defect
Excessive root
penetration
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WI 3.1
High Amps/volts
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WI 3.1
Weld Root Defect
Burn Through
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WI 3.1
Oxidized Root (Root Coking)
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WI 3.1
Crater Pipe
Weld crater
Crater pipe
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WI 3.1
Crater Pipe
Crater pipe is a shrinkage defect and not a gas defect, it
has the appearance of a gas pore in the weld crater
Contamination
Crater pipe
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M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Mechanical Damage
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WI 3.1
Mechanical Damage
Mechanical damage can be defined as any surface material
damage cause during the manufacturing process.
This can included damage caused by:
Grinding
Hammering
Chiselling
Chipping
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M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Mechanical Damage
Chipping Marks
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WI 3.1
Set-up Irregularities
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WI 3.1
Unequal Leg Lengths
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WI 3.1
Set-up Irregularities
Linear misalignment is
measured from the lowest
plate to the highest point.
Angular misalignment is
measured in degrees
Angular Misalignment
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M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Set-up Irregularities
Linear Misalignment
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WI 3.1
Set-up Irregularities
Linear Misalignment
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WI 3.1
Any Questions
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WI 3.1
Questions
Weld Defects
QU 1. Give two main causes for the occurrence of a burn through
Material Inspection
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M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Material Inspection
All materials arriving on site should be inspected for:
Size / dimensions
Condition
Type / specification
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WI 3.1
Material Inspection
Parent material defects include:
Mechanical damage Lap
Lamination
Segregation line
Laminations are caused in the parent plate by the steel making
process, originating from ingot casting defects.
Segregation bands occur in the centre of the plate and are low
melting point impurities such as sulphur and phosphorous.
Laps are caused during rolling when overlapping metal does not
fuse to the base material.
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WI 3.1
Material Inspection
Plate Lamination
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WI 3.1
Weld Repairs
Course notes section references 16
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M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Weld Repairs
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M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Weld Repairs
A weld repair may be used to improve weld profiles or
extensive metal removal
Repairs to fabrication defects are generally easier than
repairs to service failures because the repair procedure
may be followed
The main problem with repairing a weld is the
maintenance of mechanical properties
During the inspection of the removed area prior to welding
the inspector must ensure that the defects have been
totally removed and the original joint profile has been
maintained as close as possible
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M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Weld Repairs
The specification or procedure will govern how the defective
areas are to be removed. The method of removal may be
Grinding
Chipping
Machining
Filing
Oxy-Gas gouging
Arc air gouging
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M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Any Questions
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M.Rogers
WI 3.1
Questions
Weld Repairs
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