Magnetic Practice Examination

According to ASME V-Article 7

 Definition
Magnetic Practice Examination is a •
method to detect discontinuities on
surface of ferromagnetic materials by
applying ferromagnetic particles to the
surface and magnetic field that is forced
out of the part and over the discontinuities
causing a leakage field that attract the
particles.
Discontinuities are cracks, seams, laps, •
and laminations.
 Sensitivity
The sensitivity is greatest at the surface •
of the discontinuities and diminish
rapidly with the increase in the depth of
the discontinuities below the surface.
The greatest sensitivity is obtained when •
the orientation of the discontinuities is
perpendicular to the lines of flux.
Types of Examination Media
There are three types of particles: •
Fluorescent pigment .1
Nonfluorescent pigment .2
Both fluorescent or nonfluorescent .3
pigments
The particles are used dry, wet, or •
suspension vehicles.
 Magnetization Techniques
Prod technique .1
Longitudinal magnetization technique .2
Circular magnetization technique .3
Yoke technique .4
Multidirectional magnetization technique .5
 1. Prod Technique
The magnetic field is applied using portable •
prod type electrical contacts that pressed
against the surface area to be examined. The
prod involves remote control switch to avoid
arcing.
If the open circuit voltage is greater than 25 V •
steel, lead or aluminum prod tips are used to
prevent copper deposition on the part to be
examined.
 2. Longitudinal Magnetization
Technique
The magnetic field is applied by passing •
the current through multi-turns fixed
coil (or cable) that is wrapped around
the part and produce longitudinal
magnetic field parallel to coil axis.
Both direct or rectified magnetizing •
current can be used.
CABLE MAGNETIZATION
LONGITUDINAL MAGNETIZATION
 3. Circular Magnetization
Technique
The magnetic field is applied by •
passing the current through the part to
produce circular magnetic field
perpendicular to the direction of
current flow in the part.
CIRCULAR MAGNETIZATION
 APPROXIMATE EFFECTIVE REGION OF
EXAMINATION WHEN USING AN OFFSET CENTRAL
CONDUCTOR (THREADER BAR)
 4. Yoke Technique
Direct or alternating electromagnetic •
yoke or permanent magnetic yoke is
used for this technique.
Permanent magnets can lose their •
magnetic field generating capacity by
being partially demagnetized by a
stronger flux field, being damaged, or
dropped.
5. Multidirectional Magnetization
Technique
The magnetic field is applied by high •
amperage power packs operating as
many as three circuit that is energized
on at time in rapid succession. This
produce magnetic field in multi
directions.
 5. Multidirectional Magnetization
Technique (Cont.)
The adequacy of the •
magnetic field is
determined using pie-
shaped magnetic particle
field indicator.
The adequacy of the field •
is obtained at two
directions perpendicular
to each other and the field
intensity in one direction
doesn't overwhelm the
field in the other Pie-shaped magnetic
direction. particle field indicator.
Examples of Magnetic Particle
Indications
Examples of Magnetic Particle
Indications
Examples of Magnetic Particle
Indications
Examples of Magnetic Particle Indications