Introduction to Computers

Content

• History of computer

• Generation of Computer

• Classification of computers

• Architecture of computer

• Overview of Computer

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 Computer

• A computer is an electronic machine that

1) takes in data and instructions (input)
2) works with the data (processing)
3) puts out information (output)

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Computer Architecture
Application
Operating
System

Compiler Firmware

Instruction Set I/O

Processor system
Datapath & Control
Circuit Design
Layout

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History of computer
History of computer

• Abacus,1st mechanical
computing device was
developed by the
Chinese.

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History of computer

• In 1617, John Napier, a

scotish mathematician
developed a device
called Napier’s bone.

• It can perform addition &

multiplication

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History of computer

• In1642, Blasie Pascal,

a French
mathematician invented
1st mechanical
calculator.

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History of computer

• In 1673, gottfried
Wilhelm Leibniz, a
German invented
the Leibniz
calculator.

• It can perform
addition, subtraction
& multiplication
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 History of computer

• In 1804, Joseph Marie invented punch card

– Punch card is a rectangular card
– 80 columns & 12 rows
– One character per column

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History of computer

• In 1822, Charles
Babbage a professor of
mathematics at
Cambridge university
devised a difference
machine

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 History of computer

• In 1890, Herman Hollerith received patent for

automatic punch card calculator

• Hollerith founded a tabulating M/c Company, later

changed a International Business Machine in 1924.

• Howard Aiken, built the first fully electro-mechanical

computer named MARK - I

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 History of computer

• In 1945, John Von Newmann, a Frenchman working

for IBM. Designed basic structure for computer

• In 1945, Presper Eckert & John W Mauchly

designed fully electronic computer named ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)

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 ENIAC
• In 1946, The Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC), University of Pennsylvania.

• Weighed 30 tons

• It contains 15000 vacuum tubes. (50)

• Consumed 150 KW power.

• Draw back of ENIAC is power, no memory.

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 EDVAC

• 1946,the Electronic Discrete Variable And Computer

(EDVAC).

• It contains 4000 vacuum tubes.

• It can store program.

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 UNIVAC

• In 1951, UNIVAC (UniVersal Automatic Computer)

• Weighed 16000 pounds

• 5000 vacuum tubes

• 1st computer designed for business use.

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 1st Language

• In 1954 john backus created a FORTRAN (Formula

Translation) Program, while working for IBM.

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 1st Integrated Circuit

• In 1958 Jack Kilby, an employee of Texas

Instruments, successfully attached several
components to a single piece of semiconductor .

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 BASIC Language

• In 1964 BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic

Instruction Code) was created by Tom Kurtz and
John Kemeny, both professors at Dartmouth.

• BASIC was the beginning of intuitive programming

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 1st IC company

• 1970 Integrated circuits become widely used

• Busicom was one of the first companies to widely

use integrated circuits in calculators

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 1st Microprocessor

• In 1971, the world’s first microprocessor was created

• Marcian Hoff, he dubbed this circuit the 4004

because it had a 4 bit data path.

• The 4004 contained over 2,000 transistors .

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 1st Microprocessor

• Chip included a 256 byte ROM, a 32 bit RAM and a

shift register

• Unfortunately for Hoff, the chip was originally

rejected by companies who did not realize how
much more powerful Hoff’s chip was.

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 1st PC

• 1981 IBM launches its first PC

• IBM PC was priced at $1,365

True Computer By APPLE

Computers

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 Internet

• After 1981, the Internet evolved

• The biggest advance has been the internet.

• Until the mid-nineties the internet truly took off.

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 Website

• Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher in Switzerland,

developed the web to make the information on the
internet easier to read and understand

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 New Technology

• After 1981 New Technology

• Abundance of new technology in the 1980’s and

1990’s.
• Scanner ,
• Modem and
• Mouse, all became commonplace.

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 New Technology

• Only today, computers are faster and more user

friendly.

• Software such as Microsoft Windows has made

computers easier for all users by eliminating the
need to learn text commands and allowing a
graphical interface

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Generation of Computer
 Generation of computers

• First Generation (1940 -1956)

• Second Generation (1956 -1963)

• Third Generation (1964 -1971)

• Fourth Generation (1971 - present)

• Fifth Generation (present - beyond)

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First generation (1945 -1956)

vacuum tubes
 First generation (1945 -1956)

• Circuit - vacuum tubes

• Memory - Magnetic drums

• Size - occupied room

• Expensive

• It required great deal of electricity & generated lots of

heat.

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 First generation (1945 -
1956)…
• Machine language - one process at a time

• Input - punch card & paper tapes.

• Output - printouts

• UNIVAC & ENIAC are 1st generation computers.

• UNIVAC - 1st commercial computer.

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 First Transistor

• 1926 Dr. Julius Lilienfield got a patent on a

transistor being used as an amplifier

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Second Generation (1956 -
1963)

Transistors
 Second Generation (1956 -
1963)
• Circuit - Transistor (1947) replaces vacuum tubes

• Memory - magnetic core technology

• Size - drastically reduced

• It required great deal of electricity & generated lots

of heat

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 Second Generation (1956
-1963)
• Input - punch cards

• Output - printouts

• Second generation moves from Assembly (or

binary) language into high level
programming language.

• The first computer of this generation were

developed for atomic energy industry.
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 1st Wafer Transistor

• 1947 vacuum tube is replaced by Transistors. (3

physicist in bell laboratories)

• 1950 William Shockley who replaced first point

contact Tr into Bipolar junction Tr.

• In same year germanium is replaced by the silicon.

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Third Generation (1964 -1971)

Integrated circuits
Third Generation (1964 -1971)

• Circuit - Integrated circuits

• Size - drastically reduced

• Speed - drastically increased

• Efficiency - drastically increased

• Input - keyboard

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Third Generation (1964 -1971)

• Output - monitor

• It interfaced with an operating system, which allowed

the device to run many different applications

• Computers for the first time became accessible to a

mass audience because they were smaller and
cheaper than their predecessors.

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Fourth Generation (1971 -
present)

Microprocessor
 Fourth Generation (1971 -
present)
• Circuit - microprocessor

• Thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a

single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled
an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand.

• In 1981, IBM introduced its first computer for the

home user.

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 Fourth Generation (1971 -
present)…
• In 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh.

• As small computers became more powerful, they

could be linked together to form networks, which
eventually led to the development of the Internet.

• Fourth generation computers also saw the

development of GUIs, the Mouse and handheld
devices.

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Fifth Generation (present -
beyond)
Artificial intelligence
 Fifth Generation (present -
beyond)
• Fifth generation computing devices, based on
Artificial Intelligence, are still in development

• Some applications are

– Voice recognition, that are being used today.

– Parallel processing is helping to make artificial

intelligence a reality.

– Nanotechnology will radically change the face of

computers in years to come.
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 Fifth Generation (present -
beyond)…
• The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices
that respond to natural language input and are capable of
learning and self-organization.

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Classification of computers
Classification of computers

• Microcomputer

• Minicomputer

• Mainframe

• supercomputer
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 Microcomputer

• Smallest computer

• Single user

• Size - calculator to desktop

Laptop with touchpad.

• Personal computer, laptop…

An older (1997) Micron laptop.

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 Minicomputer

• Small computer

• Multi user (n/w work station)

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 Mainframe

• Large computer A 1990 Honeywell-Bull DPS 7

mainframe CPU
• Multi user

• Fast & greater storage capacity

• Used for bulk data processing

• Government organization….

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 Supercomputer

• Largest computer

• Fast & more expensive

• Used for research jobs like

Weather forecasting…

The Cray-2; world's fastest computer 1985–1989.

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Architecture of computer
Von Neumann Architecture

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Data & control flow

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 Components

• Central Processing Unit

• Memory

• Input device

• Output device
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Central Processing Unit

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Central Processing Unit

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 Memory

• Volatile memory (RAM)

• Non volatile memory (ROM)

• Hard disk

• Tapes & Floppy disk

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Volatile memory

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Non Volatile memory

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Hard Disk

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 Tapes

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 Floppy Disk

A 5¼-inch disk with a partly

exposed magnetic medium
spun about a central hub for
reading. The flexible plastic
cover contains a cloth inner
liner to brush dust from the
medium.
The non-ferromagnetic metal
sliding door protects the 3½-
inch floppy disk's recording
medium.

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 Input Device

• Mouse
• Keyboard
• Scanner
• Bar Code Recognition
• Voice Input

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Input devices

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Output device

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 Overview of Computer

• Computer = Hardware + Software

• What's software ?

• What's hardware ?

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 Hardware

• Hardware = internal device + peripheral device

Hardware relates to physical components of the computer

system that are used for processing data.

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 Software

• Application Software
Operations to be carried out for specific applications.

• System Software
Program written for the system that provides the environment
to facilitate the writing for various applications.

• Utility Software

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 Computer Languages

• Low Level Language

• Machine Language
• Assembly Language
• High Level Language
• General Purpose Language
• Special Purpose Language

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Tools of Computer Language

• Assembler
• Loader
• Compiler
• Interpreter

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 Computer Language

Loader
Input Source Compiler Interpreter Machine Level
HLL Object File Code

Memory

Assembler
Assemble Language Machine Level Loader
Code Code

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 References

• Webliography
– http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Softwar
e/2002/FiveGenerations.asp
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

• Bibliography
– Computer organization - Deepak tatpuje
– Fundamentals of Computers-V.Rajaraman

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