The mind is not a vessel to be filled,

but a fire to be ignited.

--- Plutarch

Submitted by
Athira sajeev B
 Significance of Teaching Aids
 Advantages of Improvised Aids
 Edgar Dale’s Cone of Experience
 Classification of Audio-Visual Aids
 Teaching aids are the tools that teachers use in the classroom such
as flashcards, maps, cassette, blackboard, etc….
 A teaching aid is a tool used by teachers to help learners improve
reading and other skills, illustrate or reinforce a skill, fact, or idea,
and to relieve anxiety, fears, or boredom, since many teaching aids
are like games.
 To reinforce what you are saying,
 To ensure that your point is understood,
 signal what is important/essential,
 Teaching aids support the lesson plan and assist
learning.
 Teaching aids support the lesson plan and assist learning.
 They appeal to the senses of the pupils and so they satisfy
their innate tendencies and interests.
 stimulate people participation.
 make teaching-learning process interesting
 Help in saving time and energy
 Help to meet the needs of individual students
 Facilitate the application of mathematics in various
situations
• Provide the joy of creation and a sense of satisfaction
among children
• Engaging in improvisation leads to the development of
the dignity of labour among youngsters.
• The best way of spending “leisure with pleasure” by
children
• If it is done continously , promotes self confidence and
generation of new ideas among students
• Helps to remember their lessons more vividly
 Edgar Dale’s Cone of Experience

 In an educational system learning experiences are provided

to the students according to the objectives.
 There is gradation in the quality of the learning experiences
provided to the students. All the learning experiences which
can be utilized for classroom teaching are shown by Edgar
Dale in a pictorial device- pinnacle form- which he called the
‘Cone of Experience’.
 If we go up the pinnacle from its base, we find every aid has
been arranged in the order of increasing abstractness or
decreasing directness.
 It may also be stated that the ‘Con’ classifies the audio-visual
aids according to their effectiveness in communication. At the
base of the cone as ‘most effective’- relative effect gradually
decreases.
 At the pinnacle of the ‘Cone’ the direct and purposeful
experiences are represented. At the pinnacle of the ‘Cone’ the
verbal symbols are represented.
1. Direct, purposeful experience:
2. Contrived experience:
3. Dramatic participation:
4. Demonstration of Experiments:
5. Field trips:
6. Exhibitions and museums:
7. Motion pictures:
8. Radio recordings:
9. Still pictures, pictures, illustrations, stereographs,
slides, film strips and micro projections:
10. Designed materials / visual symbol:
11.Verbal symbols:
Edgar Dale’s Cone of Experience
 Audio visual material must be seen in their relationship to
teaching as a whole and to the learning process as a whole,
until the teacher understands the relationship between audio
visual material and teaching learning process.
 Audio visual materials are produced, distributed and used as
planned components of educational programs.
 It helps the process of learning that is motivation,
classification and stimulation.
 Audio visual aids are multisensory materials which
motivate and stimulate the individual.
 It makes dynamic learning experience more concrete
realistic and clarity. It provides significant gains in thinking
and reasoning.
 Audio visual aids are sensitive tools used in teaching and as
avenues for learning. These are planned educational
materials that appeal to the senses of the people and
quicken learning facilities for clear understanding.
 Definitions
1. According to Kinder S. James: Audio visual aids are any
device which can be used to make the learning experience more
concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.
2. According to Burton: audio visual aids are those sensory
objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning.
3. According to Edger Dale: audio visual aids are those
devices by the use of which communication of ideas between
persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is
helped. These are also termed as multi sensory materials.
 CLASSIFICATION OF AV AIDS

Teaching aids

Projected aids
Non Projected aids
Films and projector. Activity Aids
Film strip projector.
Slide projector.
Epidiascope.
Over head projector.
LCD projector.
 Non projected aids

Graphic Aids Display Board 3D -Aids Audio Aids

1. Graphs 1. Blackboard 1.Models 1. Radio

2. Photographs 2. Magnetic board 2.Objects 2. Television
3. Pictures 3.Flannel board 3.Specimen 3.Tap recorder
4. Flash chard 4. Bulletin board 4.Puppets
5. Posters 5. Peg Board
6. Charts
7. Diagrams
8. Maps
9. Cartoons
10. Comics ,etc
 Activity Aids

1. Experiments
2. Demonstrations
3. Dramatics
4. Field trips
5. Field works
6. Exhibitions
7. CAI
 LCD projector, Film, Film strips ,Opaque projector
Overhead projector, Slide projector

LCD PROJECTOR-

Present a topic in the classroom or in front of large audience.

computer made slides are used. real world situations into classroom
by way of movies
FILMS- Topics involving motion can be best
presented by film

FILM STRIPS- Non- inflammable safety films which are

35 mm wide are used in film strips. 12 to 48 picture frames
arranged in a sequence. They have a theme
OPAQUE PROJECTOR-This device displays opaque materials
by shining a bright lamp on to the object, book pages, drawings,
specimens can be shown. it is also called epidiascope.
OVER HEAD PROJECTOR-
This device projects diagram written in
transparent plates on to a screen. They
save time and makes teaching
impressive. They can project diagram
written in transparent plates on to a
screen

SLIDE PROJECTOR-They can

project photographs related to the topic.
The slides are developed in celluloid.
The slides are project on a screen. 100 or
more slides inserted in sequential order.
1. GRAPHIC AIDS
CARTOONS
 a form of graphic representation,
 make use of symbolism,
 hold exaggeration to convey message
 2-d illustrated visual art

CHARTS-
• combination of pictorial,
• graphic,
• numerical material
• presents clear visual summary
COMICS-
visual medium used to expose idea via images,
combined with text or visual information and
any amusing person gesture is given
importance

DIAGRAMS-
2d geometric symbolic representation of information. graphic
visual description of a process
FLASH CARDS-
It is a set of cards bearing information as words or
numbers on both sides. They are used in classroom
drills or private study

GRAPHS-
representation of a set of numerical
relationship
 2. DISPLAY BOARDS
BLACK BOARDS-

Tips for the effective use of board

keep it clean, start from top left corner, write important points, rub
horizontally
Advantages-convenient ,economical, capture attention
limitation-constant use makes the board smooth and causes sound
and leads to glaring
it is dull, inhalation of chalk powder affect health
BULLETIN/ NOTICEBOARD-surface intended to dislay
public messages

FLANNEL BOARD-uses a board covered with flannel

fabric, resting on an easel
MAGNETIC BOARD-used as that of flannel board cut outs
with magnetised backs used on a metallic surface

PEG BOARD-board perforated with a pattern of holes to

accept pegs or hooks to support various items
 3. 3D-AIDS
DIAROMA
3d model of a landscape, event which
incorporates a group of modelled objects in a
natural setting is highlighted
MODELS
Copies of real objects, give correct concept of object. There
are solid models, cross sectional models and working
model.

MOCK UPS
it is a working replica of the object .a certain element of
original reality
 4. AUDIO AIDS
• The first category of aids is Audio-Aids.
• Audio-aids help in developing the listening skill of an
educand. Audio-aids are those aids which can be only
listened.
• Examples, of such types of aids include, radio, gramophone,
tape recorder, audio-tapes, walkman, and headphones etc.

(I) TAPE RECORDER:

• A tape recorder consists mainly of
three parts-the microphone, the
amplifier and the receiver.
• The talks of eminent personalities, educationists,
academicians and scientists can be recorded and
reproduced in the classroom through this teaching aid.
• The important merit of this audio-teaching aid is that the
speech of a person can be recorded at any time and it can
be used for a number of times at will, again and again

(II) RADIO:
 Radio programmes can be categorised
into two types.
 One type of radio programme is called
education radio-broadcasts, which
provides opportunity to the teachers and
students to listen to the programme and
take notes on them.
 The teachers should discuss the programme, the main
points of the radio lesson, the lecture, the dialogue and the
characters, etc., with the students to supplement, evaluate
and consolidate their learning.
 The other type of radio programmes are those where a
general discussion or information on social issues, health
and diseases, culture and life, about the events happening
around the world etc. are broadcasted.
 As a follow-up activity, these programmes also
supplement the presentation of a teacher in the classroom,
whenever they are deemed fit for the discourse
(III)AUDIO-CASSETTES:

• Audio-cassettes can be used for

recitations of nursery rhymes, poems and
stories, etc.
Museum-
• dimnish barriers of language,
entertainment, fun

Planetorium-
• display on the ceiling of dome, sound
effects, taped narration
Nature calender-
• yearly record of daily observations

Field trips-
• according to hedger ken field trip
may be defined as “an educational
procedure by which the student
studies firsthand objects and
materials in their natural
environment.”
Demonstrations-
• the demonstration method teaches by
explanation and exhibition.

Experiments-
• an experiment is a learning activity in which
students collect and interpret observations
using measuring instruments to reach some
conclusions.
Dramatizations-
• Dramatization is a very potent method of keeping
the class room instruction lively and interesting.
When a teacher dramatizes a lesson, the students
become both the spectators and participants. This
makes learning easy and permanents.