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Microsoft Excel
6th Edition
Chapter 2
Variables
Categorical Numerical
Examples:
Marital Status
Political Party Discrete Continuous
Eye Color
(Defined categories) Examples: Examples:
Number of Children Weight
Defects per hour Voltage
(Counted items) (Measured characteristics)
A designed experiment
A survey
An observational study
Tallying Data
One Two
Categorical Categorical
Variable Variables
Summary Contingency
Table Table
The number of classes depends on the number of values in the data. With
a larger number of values, typically there are more classes. In general, a
frequency distribution should have at least 5 but no more than 15 classes.
To determine the width of a class interval, you divide the range (Highest
value–Lowest value) of the data by the number of class groupings desired.
24, 35, 17, 21, 24, 37, 26, 46, 58, 30, 32, 13, 12, 38, 41, 43, 44, 27, 53, 27
Relative
Class Frequency Percentage
Frequency
10 but less than 20 3 .15 15
20 but less than 30 6 .30 30
30 but less than 40 5 .25 25
40 but less than 50 4 .20 20
50 but less than 60 2 .10 10
Total 20 1.00 100
Cumulative Cumulative
Class Frequency Percentage
Frequency Percentage
Summary Contingency
Table For One Table For Two
Variable Variables
Banking Preference
Banking Preference? %
16% ATM
ATM 16% 24%
Automated or live 2% 2% Automated or live
telephone telephone
Drive-through service at
Drive-through service at 17%
17% branch
branch
In person at branch
In person at branch 41%
Internet 24% Internet
41%
100% 100%
% in each category
80% 80%
Cumulative %
(line graph)
(bar graph)
60% 60%
40% 40%
20% 20%
0% 0%
In person Internet Drive- ATM Automated
at branch through or live
service at telephone
branch
No
Errors Errors Total
Invoice Size Split Out By Errors
Small 50.75% 30.77% 47.50% & No Errors
Amount
Medium 29.85% 61.54% 35.00% Errors
Amount
Large 19.40% 7.69% 17.50% No Errors
Amount
0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0%
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Large Medium Small
Total
Frequency Distributions
Ordered Array and
Cumulative Distributions
Stem-and-Leaf
Histogram Polygon Ogive
Display
Frequency
4
(In a percentage
histogram the vertical
axis would be defined to 2
show the percentage of
observations per class)
0
5 15 25 35 45 55 More
5
4
3
2
(In a percentage 1
polygon the vertical axis 0
would be defined to 5 15 25 35 45 55 65
show the percentage of
Class Midpoints
observations per class)
Cumulative Percentage
100
80
60
40
(In an ogive the percentage 20
of the observations less 0
than each lower class
boundary are plotted versus 10 20 30 40 50 60
the lower class boundaries. Lower Class Boundary
29 146
150
33 160
100
38 167
50
42 170
0
50 188
20 30 40 50 60 70
55 195
Volume per Day
60 200
Number of
Year Franchises Number of Franchises, 1996-2004
120
1996 43
100
1997 54 Franchises
Number of
80
1998 60 60
1999 73 40
2000 82 20
0
2001 95
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
2002 107 Year
2003 99
2004 95
200 20%
100 10%
0 0%
FR SO JR SR FR SO JR SR
100 25
0 0
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
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