Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Statistical Methods
Multivariate
— Fletcher Knebel
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
IQ scores
GRE scores
Interval level:
What is your age in years? ____
Ordinal level:
What is your age group?
18 years or younger
19-44 years
45 years or older
Description
— Benjamin Disraeli
15,20,21,20,36,15,25,15
15,15,15,20,20,21,25,36
Statistics 600
Race of Respondent
6
Statistics
5
EDUC Education level
N Valid 24
Mis sing 0 4
Median 6.00
3
N= 24
Education level
Age of Respondent
200
MEAN
100
Age of Respondent
— Louis D. Brandeis
Level of
Statistic
Measurement
600
400
Frequency
200
0
w hite black other
Race of Respondent
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Percent 10
4 Some high s chool 1 4.2 4.2
5 Completed high school 6 25.0 29.2
6 Some college 6 25.0 54.2 9
7 Completed college 3 12.5 66.7
8 Some graduate work 4 16.7 83.3 8
9 A graduate degree 4 16.7 100.0
Total 24 100.0
7
Statistics
6
EDUC Education level
N Valid 24
5
Mis sing 0
Median 6.00
Range 5 4
Minimum 4
3
Maximum 9 N= 24
Education level
Age of Respondent
200
-1 SD MEAN +1 SD
100
Frequency
Age of Respondent
Level of
Statistic
Measurement
— Robert Boynton
Correlations
RINCOM91
Res pondent's
Income
Spearman's rho EDUC Highes t Year Correlation Coefficient .363**
of School Completed Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 945
**. Correlation is significant at the .01 level (2-tailed).
HEIGHT ESTEEM
N Valid 24 24
Mis sing 0 0 3.5
Mean 66.7917 2.7583
Std. Deviation 7.03395 .59558
3.0
Correlations
2.5
ESTEEM
HEIGHT Pears on Correlation .347
Sig. (2-tailed) .097
N 24 2.0
ESTEEM
1.5
50 60 70 80 90
HEIGHT
SEX
1 Male 2 Female Total
Count % within SEX Count % within SEX Count % within SEX
RACE 1 white 552 86.1% 705 82.1% 1257 83.8%
2 black 66 10.3% 102 11.9% 168 11.2%
3 other 23 3.6% 52 6.1% 75 5.0%
Total 641 100.0% 859 100.0% 1500 100.0%
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig.
Value df (2-s ided)
Pears on Chi-Square 5.994 a 2 .050
N of Valid Cas es 1500
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is 32.05.
— H.G. Wells
Descriptive statistics
Statistics that allow the researcher to organize or
summarize data to give meaning or facilitate insight.
Inferential statistics
Methods that allow inferences to be made from a
sample to a population
Hypothesis testing
A statistical test of an expected relationship between
two or more variables
90
80
70
Height in inches
60
50
40
30
20
10
Males Females
3.5
3.0
2.5
GENDER
2.0
FEMALES
1.5 MALES
20 30 40 50 60
AGE
Level of Measurement
Reliability analysis
Assesses the consistency of multi-item scales
Factor Analysis
Examines the relationships among variables and
reveals related sets of variables (constructs)
Structural Equation Modeling
Methods for testing theories about the
relationships among variables
1 Strongly agree
2 Agree
3 Neither agree nor disagree
4 Disagree
5 Strongly disagree
males
females
1 2 3 4 5
meanmales=2.5
meanfemales=3.2
9
Education level
8
9 A graduate degree
8 Some graduate work 7
7 Completed college
6 Some college 6
5 Completed high school
4 Some high school 5
3 Completed grade school
2 Some grade school 4
1 No formal education
3
N= 14 10
Female Male
Gender
Test Statisticsb
Intervention Group O X O O
Control Group O O O
O = observation X = treatment/intervention
100%
Attendance (% of days)
90%
Intervention
Control
80%
70%
Month 0 Month 1 Month 2
TIME
Just for the fun of it, I performed a factor analysis on the music
questions to see if we could identify a pattern of underlying
dimensions, or factors, in the data.
Pattern Matrixa
Factor
1 2 3 4
CLASSICL Clas sical Music .844 -.033 -.127 .054
OPERA Opera .715 -.004 -.032 .086
MUSICALS Broadway Mus icals .663 .109 -.024 -.104
FOLK Folk Music .502 -.064 .341 -.005
BIGBAND Bigband Music .459 .240 .125 -.171
JAZZ Jazz Mus ic .035 .766 -.110 .029
BLUES Blues or R & B Mus ic -.024 .714 .106 .057
BLUGRASS Bluegrass Music .070 .084 .753 .052
COUNTRY Country Wes tern Mus ic -.084 -.034 .596 -.033
HVYMETAL Heavy Metal Mus ic -.012 -.016 .020 .602
RAP Rap Mus ic .030 .074 -.004 .559
Extraction Method: Principal Axis Factoring.
Rotation Method: Oblimin with Kaiser Normalization.
a. Rotation converged in 8 iterations .
F1 F2 F3 F4
Classical Folk
Heavy
Opera Jazz Blues Bluegrass Country Rap
Metal
MEASURED VARIABLES
— William W. Watt
— Unknown
Power (1 - )
EFFECT SIZE
TYPE OF MEASURE OF
TEST EFFECT SIZE
SMALL MEDIUM LARGE
Independent |mA-mB|
Samples T- .2 .5 .8
test
Product
Moment rXY .10 .30 .50
Correlation
Sampling distribution of
means when H0 is true
Area= Sampling distribution of
means when H1 is true
Area=1-
Area=
0 1
Area= Area=1-
Area=
0 1
90
80
Power
power=.80
70
60
http://www.asu.edu/graduate/statistics/hotline/
http://www.public.asu.edu/~eagle/stat_sampler.ppt