NON-METALS

AND
THEIR USES
 NON-METALS
CARBON
SULPHUR
IODINE
OXYGEN
 CARBON
CARBON IS THE 15TH MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT IN THE
EARTH'S CRUST, AND THE FOURTH MOST ABUNDANT
ELEMENT IN THE UNIVERSE BY
MASS AFTER HYDROGEN, HELIUM, AND OXYGEN.
CARBON'S ABUNDANCE.
CARBON IS OCCURRED IN FREE STATES AS GRAPHITE,
COAL AND DIAMOND. IN COMBINED STATE IN
ATMOSPHERE AS CARBON DIOXIDE AND IN THE EARTH’S
CRUST AS CARBONATES OF METALS.
 USES OF CARBON
CARBON (IN THE FORM OF GRAPHITE) IS A GOOD CONDUCTOR OF
ELECTRICITY. SO IT IS USED IN ELECTRODES IN DRY CELL.
GRAPHITE IS USED FOR MAKING LUBRICANTS AND LEAD OF PENCILS.
GRAPHITE IS USED FOR MAKING HIGH TEMPERATURE CRUCIBLES.
CARBON (IN THE FORM OF DIAMOND) IS USED FOR MAKING
JEWELLERY.
 DIAMOND IS USED FOR MAKING CUTTING TOOLS AND IT IS ALSO
USED BY SURGEONS.
CARBON ( IN THE FORM OF CARBON DIOXIDE) IS USED FOR
RESPIRATION OF PLANTS.
 SULFUR
ELEMENTAL SULFUR OCCURS NATURALLY AS THE ELEMENT
(NATIVE SULFUR), BUT MOST COMMONLY OCCURS IN
COMBINED FORMS AS SULFIDE AND SULFATE MINERALS.
BEING ABUNDANT IN NATIVE FORM, SULFUR WAS
KNOWN IN ANCIENT TIMES.
CHEMICALLY, SULFUR REACTS WITH ALL ELEMENTS EXCEPT
FOR GOLD, PLATINUM, IRIDIUM, NITROGEN, TELLURIUM,
IODINE.
 USES OF SULFUR
IT IS USED IN SKIN OINTMENTS, SPRAY
FOR FRUIT TREES AGAINST PESTS AND
DISEASES.
IT IS USED IN VULCANISATION OF
RUBBER, MANUFACTURING OF DYES,
FIREWORKS, GUN POWDER AND
SULFURIC ACID.
 IODINE
IODINE OCCURS IN MANY OXIDATION STATES,
INCLUDING IODIDE (I−), IODATE (IO−
3), AND THE VARIOUS PERIODATE ANIONS. IT IS THE LEAST ABUNDANT
OF THE STABLE HALOGENS, BEING THE SIXTY-FIRST MOST ABUNDANT
ELEMENT. IT IS EVEN LESS ABUNDANT THAN THE SO-CALLED RARE
EARTHS.
THE HEAVIEST OF THE STABLE HALOGENS, IT EXISTS AS A LUSTROUS,
PURPLE-BLACK METALLIC SOLID AT A STANDARD CONDITIONS THAT
SUBLIMES READILY TO FORM A VIOLET GAS.
THE ELEMENTAL FORM WAS DISCOVERED BY THE FRENCH
CHEMIST BERNARD COURTOIS IN 1811.
 USES OF IODINE
IT IS USED FOR PREPARING IODISED
COMMON SALT.
IT IS USED FOR MAKING TINCTURE OF
IRON, WHICH CAN BE USED AS
ANTISEPTIC.
 OXYGEN
 OXYGEN IS THE THIRD-MOST ABUNDANT
ELEMENT IN THE UNIVERSE,
AFTER HYDROGEN AND HELIUM.
IT FREE STATE IN ATMOSPHERE 21% OF AIR. IN
COMBINED STATE IN WATER.
MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT IN THE EARTH’S
CRUST .
 USES OF OXYGEN
IT IS USED IN RESPIRATION
IT IS SUPPORTER OF
COMBUSTION.