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þ Objectives
þ Problem statement
þ Introduction
þ Conceptual Framework and Research
Framework
þ Literature Review
þ Methodology
þ Contribution of Research
 Objectives
þ To find the relationship of ? 



 in Ethical Decision Making
(EDM) among Hotel Managers (GM) in
Malaysia
þ To examine the factors of Moral Intensity
on EDM.
þ To find out which type of ? 

 
 of Malaysian Hotel
Managers fall in when they are making
moral decision.
 ºesearch Questions
þ hich factor of moral intensity influences
the most on managers when they are
making ethical decision?
þ hat kind of ethical dimensions do
Malaysian managers reveal when they are
making ethical decision?
 `ntroduction
þ Ethics ± the rules or principles that define right
and wrong conduct (Davis and Frederick, 1984)
þ Collapses of business in the Asian countries ±
common occurrences & are accepted as part of
general business life. (Paul, 2000)
þ General Managers (GM) face the difficulties in
handling the issues raised in four major areas:
Dealing with officials
Internal relations
Human resources
Food and beverage (Paul, 2000)
 —roblem Statement
þ The ³
 
 ´ or ³

 ´ of what
people do as well as the impact of their
deeds. (Garret, 1966)
þ èusiness activity ±   


 
 ± behavior of business people is
subject to ethical consideration, especially
in hospitality industry.
þ Most previous research in this area has
concentrated on 
  , or
social or 




 

 , instead of going deeper
to the relationship of the  
 

 , like  




and  
 
 in EDM. (èlasi,
1980, èommer et al, 1987, Ford and
Richardson, 1994, èernhard, 2000, Loy
and Douglas, 2004, Tim et al, 2006)
þ o extend the existing research
investigating EDM in the hotel industry to
generate new knowledge in the hospitality
industry.
 conceptual Framework
Demographic
Factors Ethical
Decision
Organizational Making
Variables

Moral
characteristic
 ºesearch Framework
? 



‰Magnitude of consequences
‰ ocial consequences
‰Probability of effect ‘
‰Temporal immediacy !

‰Proximity
‰Concentration of effect 



?


‘
? 
 

‰
ustice
‰Relativist
‰Contractualism
‰tilitarian
‰Egoism
 Cognitive
Moral Moral Intensity Moral
Development (Carlson et al, 2009, Philosophies
(Blasi, 1980; Harrington, 1997; (Seema, 2010;
Fraedrick et al, Morris & Cohen, 1993;
1994; McDonald, 1995) salikis, 1990)
Kohlberg, 1981)

Ethical Decision Making

Rules / Moral Based

Right Wrong
 !



?


!?
þ ë process by which individuals use their
moral base to determine whether a
certain issue is right or wrong
 Moral `ntensity
þ he underlying characteristics of an issue
that may directly affect the ethical
decision making process at various stages.
(Jones, 1991)
þ 6 components: magnitude of
consequences, social consensus, and
probability of effect, temporal
immediacy, proximity and concentration
of effect.
Magnitude of consequences
þ he total amount of harm (benefit) that
results from the proposed act.
Social consensus
þ he extent of social agreement regarding
the ethicality of the act in question.
Probability of effect
þ Both the likelihood that the act will
actually take place, and the likelihood that
the act will, in fact, cause harm (benefit).
emporal immediacy
þ he time differential between the act and
the onset of consequences.
Proximity
þ he cultural, physical, psychological, and /
or social closeness of the moral agent to the
victim (beneficiary).
Concentration of effect
þ ë twofold concept that refers to the impact
of a given amount of harm (benefit) relative
to the number of people affected.
 ? 
  
þ he principles or rules that people use to
decide what is right or wrong. (Ferrel and
Fraedrich, 1997)
þ Personal moral philosophies is depicted as
one of the important factors influencing
ethical decision making in established
models of business ethics. (e.g. Hunt and
Vitell, 1986; revino, 1986; Ferrel and
Gresham, 1985)
!goism
þ he extent to which one chooses an action based
on self ² interest.
Îtilitarianism
þ he extent to which an action leads to the greatest
good for the greatest number of people.
jeontology
þ he extent to which an action is consistent with
an individual·s duties or unwritten obligations.
·ustice
þ he idea of fairness to all.
ºelativism
þ he extent to which an action is considered
acceptable in a culture.
 ?   
þ Four parts:
1st part ² to develop scale designed to directly
measured the components of moral intensity
2nd part - to test the instruments with scenarios with
three different orientations (self, others, and
organizations)
3rd part ² to develop the multidimensional ethics scale
4th part ² to test the reliability of the MES scale on a
sample of Malaysian hotel general managers.
 ›
þ Consisted of 120 General Managers, from
4 to 5 star hotel in Malaysia.
þ Demographic data will not collect in
attempt to ensure anonymity and avoid
socially desirable responses.
  
þ Scenario based questionnaires (used to
examine ethical judgments and intentions
in many different areas)
þ he set of questionnaires will be
distributed to the randomly selected GM.
þ hree scenarios (represents the orientation
of self, others, and organization)
c



 

þ o extend the knowledge of ethical decision
making in the hotel industry, especially in
Malaysia.
þ he findings from this study furnish insight into
the ethical decision making process.
þ Initiatives based on these insights offer an
opportunity to increase the comfort level and
decision making capability of GM when
confronted by ethically complex situations.
 c



 

þ o improve better communication
between the GM and associates.
þ o have a better understanding on the
ethical decision making