Republic of the Philippines

NTOT for JHS Deapartment of Education

Rehiyon IVA-CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
Trece Martires City, Cavite

Key Features of Interrelationships of Biological,

Cultural, and Socio-political Processes in Human
Evolution

Mary Grace Feleo-Alano

Teacher III, Tanza National Trade School
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
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Can you give a word associated to

human evolution?
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Objectives
1. Categorize the key features of human bio-cultural
and social evolution,
2. Analyze the key features of interrelationships of
biological, cultural and sociopolitical processes in
human evolution;
3. Suggest strategies and activities on how the key
features of interrelationships of biological, cultural,
and socio-political evolution of man can be
integrated in classroom discussions.
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QUICK DIVISION
(By Birth Month)
Time Allotment: 2 mins.
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CATEGORIZING GRID
Time Allotment: 5 mins.
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Time Allotment: 15 mins.

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GROUP 1
STAGES OF HUMAN EVOLUTION
SPECIES KEY FEATURES
Hominid “Manlike primates”, used stick to frighten
enemies, small brain
Homo Habilis “Handy man”, stone tools, brain size is double
size of chimpanzees
Homo Erectus “Upright Man”, refined stone tools, walk
straight, brain is almost the same of modern
man
Homo Sapiens “Wise Man”, direct descendant of modern man,
hunting, fishing, agriculture
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GROUP 2
CULTURAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL EVOLUTION OF MAN
Stages Key Features
Paleolithic Period Old Stone Age, Homo Sapiens, rough
stone tool, use of fire, hunting, nomadic
Neolithic Period New Stone Age, Cro-Magnon, refined
stone tool, domestication of animals, living
in permanent places
Age of Metals tribes, rise of state, cradle of civilization
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GROUP 3
ARTEFACTUAL EVIDENCE
Stages Artefacts/Human Remain Evidence
Palaeolithic Period Flake Tools, Skull Cap, Callao Man

Neolithic Period Manunggul Jar, Petroglyphs, Stone

Adze
Age of Metals Lingling-o, Maitum Anthropomorphic
Pot
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ANALYSIS
Time Allotment: 10 mins.
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• How did you feel when you were analysing the key
features of human bio-cultural and social evolution?
• How are the stages of human evolution interrelated
to cultural and socio-political evolution of man?
• Can you suggests characteristics of primitive men
which you think would still be used and/or
developed in the modern times? Explain your
answer.
• Why do you think human need to go through
changes and evolved?
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CONTENT AND
PEDAGOGY
Time Allotment: 50 mins.
Human Biological and Socio-cultural Evolution
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Human Biological and Socio-cultural Evolution
Species Physical Features Socio-cultural Dev’t.
Hominid - apelike face proportions (a flat - Used stones and
“Manlike nose, a strongly projecting lower sticks to frighten
Primates” jaw)
enemies
(Ramapithecus, - small brain, usually less than 500
Lucy, cubic centimeters-1/3 the size of a
modern human brain
Australopithecus)
- long, strong arms with curved
- 40 million years fingers adapted for climbing trees
ago - Could stand upright

Source: Arcilla-Serapio, M.(2016) Understanding Society, Culture, and Politics. Philippines: Mind Shapers Co., Inc.
Johanson, D.C., White, T.D., Coppens, (1978). A new species of the genus Australopithecus(Primates: Hominidae) from the
Pliocene of Eastern Africa. Kirtlandia 28, 2-14.
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Human Biological and Socio-cultural Evolution
Species Physical Features Socio-cultural Dev’t.
Homo Habilis - 4 feet tall - nomadic
“Handy Man” - Homo Habilis - Used stone weapon for
(Zinjanthropus, brains were half protection against predator
Lake Turkana) the size of - hunt and gather their food
- 1.75 million humans - They were also called handy
years ago man because they
had constructed an axe with
sharp sides
Source: Arcilla-Serapio, M.(2016) Understanding Society, Culture, and Politics. Philippines: Mind Shapers Co., Inc.
Kani Palani,(n.d.) Early Humans retrieved from https://kanisearlyhuman.weebly.com/homo-habilis.html
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Human Biological and Socio-cultural Evolution
Species Physical Features Socio-cultural Dev’t.
- Manlike creature - nomadic
Homo - Used stone weapon for protection against
- Could walk
Erectus straight
predator
- hunt and gather their food
“Upright - Brain is almost the - Some scientists have theorized that Homo
Man” same of modern erectus must have possessed some form of
man rudimentary language because it needed to
(Pithecanthropus communicate to organize hunts and pass on
Erectus, - 5 feet tall
information about tool making
Sinanthropus - Chinless jaw - provided fire for cooking food and also for
Pekinensis) warmth
- 500, 000 years ago

Source: Arcilla-Serapio, M.(2016) Understanding Society, Culture, and Politics. Philippines: Mind Shapers Co., Inc.
Groeneveld, Emma (2017). Ancient History Encyclopedia retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Homo_Erectus/
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Peking Man (Homo Erectus)

Source: https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/use-fire-peking-man-goes-back-600000-years-
chinese-scientists-020450
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Human Biological and Socio-cultural Evolution
Species Physical Features Socio-cultural Dev’t.
Homo - Have similar - Lived in the cave
physical - Hunting, fishing, agriculture
Sapien descriptions with - Domesticate plants and animals
“Wise Man” modern man - Have religious beliefs
(Neanderthal - 5 ft., 11 in. tall - Buried their dead
Man, Cro - brains within the
- The first to used fire wisely
Magnon Man) range of people
today, averaging
- Were able to sew clothes from
- 250, 000 years
1,200 ml or more animal skin using bone needle
ago
- Created stone tools
Source: Arcilla-Serapio, M.(2016) Understanding Society, Culture, and Politics. Philippines: Mind Shapers Co., Inc.
Groeneveld, Emma (2017). Ancient History Encyclopedia retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Homo_Erectus/
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Neanderthal Man (Homo Sapiens)

Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/386113368029630113/
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Cro Magnon Man (Homo Sapiens Sapiens)

Source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/431481/view
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Source: http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/431481/view
Cultural and Socio-political Evolution of Man
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Etymology: Palaeolithic and Neolithic
• The term “Palaeolithic” was coined by archaeologist
John Lubbock in 1865. It derives from Greek
word, palaios, which means "old"; and, lithos, "stone",
meaning "Old Stone Age".
• The term “Neolithic” also comes from archaeologist
John Lubbock from the Greek word “neo” which
means new and “lithos” meaning stone or “New Stone
Age”
Credits to Ms. Shiela Mae B. Combalicer
Palaeleolithic Age
 Cultural Period Cultural Development Socio-political Development
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• Use of simple pebble • They grouped together in small
Palaeolithic tools. societies such as bands, and
Age • Learned to live in caves subsisted by gathering plants
(Old Stone Age) • Discovered the use of fire and fishing, hunting or
2.5 million years ago • Developed small scavenging wild animals
sculptures; and • Society is a kind where all the
monumental painting, individuals are considered
incised designs, and equal to one another in terms
reliefs on the walls of of the rights of each one with
caves. respect to the others in the
• Food-collecting cultures group. (Dr. Jesus Peralta,2015
NCCA)
Source: Arcilla-Serapio, M.(2016) Understanding Society, Culture, and Politics. Philippines: Mind Shapers Co., Inc.
Baleňa, E. et.al. (2016), Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. Philippines: Educational Resources Corporation
Credits to Ms. Shiela Mae B. Combalicer
Tools and Weapons in Palaeolithic Period
Philippine Artefacts in Palaeolithic Period
Flake tools

Source: http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeology.html
Philippine Artefacts in Palaeolithic Period
Skull Cap

Source: http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeology.html
 In 2007, Dr. Armand
Salvador Mijares (UP Professor and
archaeologist), discovered Callao
Man-“the earliest human fossil
found in the Asia-Pacific region.”
Philippine Artefacts: The Callao Man

Photo Credits to Dr. Armand Mijares

 Cultural Period Cultural Development Socio-political Development
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• Polishing and grinding of • Sedentary society
Neolithic Age stone tools • built-up villages and towns
(New Stone Age) • Settlement in permanent • social structures and hierarchies
about 10,000 B.C. villages • Property ownership
• Cave paintings
• Dependence on
domesticated plants and
animals
• Appearance of such crafts
as pottery and weaving
• Agricultural Revolution
• Developed boat as means
of transportation and for
fishing
Source: Arcilla-Serapio, M.(2016) Understanding Society, Culture, and Politics. Philippines: Mind Shapers Co., Inc.
Baleňa, E. et.al. (2016), Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. Philippines: Educational Resources Corporation
Credits to Ms. Shiela Mae B. Combalicer
 Artefacts in Neolithic Period

Source: https://www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=f8fKW9-rNYn28AX515S4Bw&q=neolithic+period+artifacts&oq=neolithic+period+artifacts&gs
Philippine Artefacts in Neolithic Period
Stone and Shell
Adzes

Source: http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeology.html
Philippine Artefacts in Neolithic Period
Angono
Petroglyphs

Source: http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeology.html
Philippine Artefacts in Neolithic Period
Bark Cloth
Beater

Source: http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeology.html
Philippine Artefacts in Neolithic Period
Manunggul Jar

Source: http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeology.html
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Agricultural Revolution

Source: https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-important-events/neolithic-revolution-0010298
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Cultural Period Cultural Development Socio-political Development
Age of Metals • The used of metal such • The rise of civilization (Egypt,
as bronze, copper, and Mesopotamia, Persia, India,
4000 B.C – 1500 B.C
iron produced a new China)
historical development • The rise of the state
from the cradle • More developed social,
civilization of Egypt, cultural, political, and
Mesopotamia, Persia economic system
including the India, and • Priest become a class
China which later on
spread through out Asia
Source: Arcilla-Serapio, M.(2016) Understanding Society, Culture, and Politics. Philippines: Mind Shapers Co., Inc.
Baleňa, E. et.al. (2016), Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. Philippines: Educational Resources Corporation
Credits to Ms. Shiela Mae B. Combalicer
Artefactual Evidence in Age of Metal

Source: http://arthistorysummerize.info/cooperbronzeiron-ages/
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Philippine Artefacts in the Age of Metal

Lingling-o

Source: http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeology.html
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Philippine Artefacts in the Age of Metal

Bronze Socketed
Adzes and Moulds

Source: http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeology.html
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Philippine Artefacts in the Age of Metal

Butuan “Mother
Boat” a.k.a
Balangay

Source: http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeology.html
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Philippine Artefacts in the Age of Metal

Maitum
Anthropomorphic
Pot

Source: http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeology.html
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PALAEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC
METAL AGE
AGE AGE

Unpolished Polished stone

Use of metals
stone tools tools

Domestication
Hunting and Tribe, empires,
of plants and
gathering and state
animals

Living in
Nomadic way
permanent Civilization
of living
places
Credits to Ms. Shiela Mae B. Combalicer
The Interrelationships of Biological,
Cultural and Socio-political
Processes in Human Evolution
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The Increase in Brain Size of Homo Species

Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/human-evolution/Increasing-brain-size
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The Reason behind the increase in brain size…
According to Professor John Hawks (professor of
anthropology at the University of Wisconsin), in his
article - How has the Human Brain Evolved (2015), “As
our cultural and linguistic complexity, dietary needs and
technological prowess took a significant leap forward at
this stage, our brains grew to accommodate the
changes. The shape changes we see accentuate the
regions related to depth of planning, communication,
problem solving and other more advanced cognitive
functions.”
 Age of Metal
4000 B.C. to
Neolithic 1500 B.C.
Palaeolithic 10, 000 B.C.

2.5 Million yrs.

ago
Human Homo Erectus to Homo Homo Sapiens Sapiens Modern Man
Specie Sapiens
Nomadic, Unpolished Permanent settlement, Used of metal as tools
Cultural stone tools, hunting polished stone tools, and weapons,
and gathering agricultural revolution architecture
Equal Society, Bands Sedentary lifestyle, Rise of civilization,
Socio-
social hierarchy, religious system,
political
property ownership political structures
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How does evolution happens

and why should it happen?
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survival of
change adapt
the fittest

CAUSE major driving EFFECT

(Constant Factor) force

EVOLUTION
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Integration in Classroom Discussion

Suggest strategies and/or activities on
how the concept of interrelationships among
human evolution can be integrated in the
classroom discussion.
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Thoughts to Fonder
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Happy
Teaching
Teachers