VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE

&
VARIABLE FREQUENCY CONTROL

PREPARED BY------
SURAJ BHUSHAN
Enroll No. =04096404915
 CONTENTS
• What is a VFD?
• Purpose of the VFD
• VFD Basics
• Variable Frequency Control
 What is a VFD?
– It is also called as VVVFD.
– A VFD can be used to control both the speed and
torque of a standard induction AC electric motor.
– It varies both the frequency of the AC waveform
being delivered to the motor saving money in
electricity.
– Basic components of a VFD:

• Input section, draws AC electric power from the

utility, Rectifier section, converts the AC into DC
power.
 Purpose of the VFD
• VFDs help to limit demand and electrical
consumption of motors by reducing the amount of
energy they consume.
– Standard motors are constant speed and when they
are energized they run at a 100% no matter the load.
– Soft Start
– Only use energy you need
 VFD Basics

Block diagram of VFD

 VFD Basics
converter

 All VFD’s need a power section that converts AC

power into DC power.
 This is called the converter bridge.
 Sometimes the front end of the VFD, the converter
is commonly a three-phase, full-wave-diode
bridge.
 VFD Basics
DC Bus
 The DC bus is the true link between the converter
and inverter sections of the drive.
 Any ripple must be smoothed out before any
transistor switches “on”.
 If not, this distortion will show up in the output to
the motor.
 The DC bus voltage and current can be viewed
through the bus terminals.
 VFD Basics
Inverter
 The inverter section is made up primarily of
modules that are each made up of a transistor
and diode in combination with each other which
inverts the DC energy back to AC.
 The power semi-conductors in the inverter section
act as switches.
 Inverters are classified as voltage-source, current-
source of variable-voltage types. This has to do
with the form of DC that the inverter receives
from the DC bus.
Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative
-
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative
-
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER
Positive
+
DC Bus

Negative
-
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER
 Area Under The Square-Wave Pulses
Approximates The Area Under A Sine Wave

Positive
+
DC Bus

Voltage
Negative
-
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER Frequency

 How Often You Switch From Positive
Pulses To Negative Pulses Determines
The Frequency Of The Waveform

Positive
+
DC Bus

Voltage
Negative
-
DC Bus

RECTIFIER INVERTER Frequency

Frequency = 30Hz

Frequency = 60Hz
 Variable Frequency Control
• The block diagram for a voltage source inverter
drive for asynchronous motor is as shown in fig
• The voltage source inverter shown in the figure
generates a 3 phase voltage waveform the
frequency of which is variable right from 0 HZ.
• The output voltage of the inverter can be either six
step or PWM in order to reduce the harmonic
contents.
 Modes of Operation
• The synchronous motor can operate in one of the two
following modes of operation at a given time :
1. Constant torque mode
2. Constant power mode
1) Constant torque mode :
• As shown in fig. , upto the base speed i.e. rated speed,
the synchronous motor operates in the constant
torque mode.
• The torque produced by the motor remains constant,
as airgap flux is maintained constant & the airgap flux
remains constant due to the fact that the ratio of
stator voltage to stator frequency (v/f) is constant
upto the base speed.
• The (v/f) ratio is maintained constant in order to
avoid the saturation of core. The core saturation
may take place if the ratio (v/f) exceeds a
particular value.
• At the low speeds the characteristics in fig is not
linear. This boost in the stator voltage at low
speeds is essential to overcome the effect of stator
resistance at low frequency.
Torque/power

Constant torque Constant power

operation operation
(v/f) constant
Power

Constant V Torque
Variable operation
0 Base speed
Speed stator
frequency

Torque–speed characteristics
 Output voltage V

Constant torque Constant power

Constant
(v/f)
V
boost

Rated frequency Output frequency

f

Stator voltage-stator frequency

2) Constant power mode :
• Above the base speed i.e. rated speed, the synchronous
motor is operated in the constant power mode as shown
in fig1 .
• At base speed, the output voltage of the inverter reaches
the rated value of stator voltage, therefore it is not
possible to increase this voltage further. Thus the (v/f)
ratio does not remains constant after this point, infact it
decreases with increase in the stator frequency.
• This will weaken the air gap flux and hence will decrease
the torque producing capacity of the motor as shown in
fig1.
• The mechanical power developed by the motor is equal to
the product of Torque & angular velocity 𝜔 i.e. P=T× 𝜔.
• Therefore as torque reduces with increase in the
speed, the power output remains constant.
•THANK YOU