GSM System Overview Slides Day - J

1.
Introduction
GSM – Global System for Mobile

communications
(1982 Groupe Spéciale Mobile, standardization org. )
(1989 ETSI was responsible for GSM)
SELEK International 1
Mobile Standards
Year Standard Mobile Telephone Technology Primary
System Market
1981 NMT450 Nordic Mobile Telephony Analogue Europe, Middle East
1983 AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Analogue N & S America

System
1985 TACS Total Access Communication Analogue Europe & China

System
1986 NMT 900 Nordic Mobile Telephony Analogue Europe, Middle East
1991 GSM Global System for Mobile Digital World-wide

communication
1991 TDMA Time Division Multiple Digital N & S America

Access
(D-AMPS) (Digital-AMPS)
1992 Cdma-one CodedivisionmultipleaccessO Digital N America and Korea

ne
1993 GSM1800 Global System for Mobile Digital Europe

communication
1994 PDC Personal Digital Cellular Digital Japan
1995 PCS1900 Personal Communication Digital N America

Services
1997 UMTS Universal Mobile Digital World-wide

Telecommunications System
Abbreviations
AUC AUthentication Center
BSC Base Station Controller
BTS Base Transceiver Station
EIR Equipment Identity Register
HLR Home Location Register
MS Mobile Station
MSC Mobile services Switching Center
NMC Network Management Center – ”big boss in the network”
OMC Operation and Maintenence Center
VLR Visitor Location Register
Components
Security, Authentication
Where is the (AUC)
subscriber ?
(VLR)
Subscriber info Billing

(HLR)
Other
network Equipment register (EIR)
GMSC-Gateway MSC
MSC-Mobile Switching Center

Other
network
BSC-Base Station Controller
MS-Mobile Station
BTS-Base Tranceiver Station
Network structure PSTN
HLR
VLR VLR VLR
MSC MSC GMSC
BSC BSC BSC BSC BSC

BSC
RBS
(BTS)
GSM Network Components
Signaling transmission
Switching System SS
AUC
Call connections and
signaling transmission
VLR HLR EIR
Other
GMSC MSC
Networks
NMC and
Base Station System BSS OMC
BSC
BTS MS
SS Components
AUC Authentication Center FOR SAFETY!
Database. Autenticate the subscribers attemting to use a
network, is the SIM card ok? Used to ensure network
security. (ciphering keys)
EIR Equipment Identity Register Database containing mobile equipment identity information
which helps to block calls from stolen. IMEI *#06#
HLR Home Location Register Centralized network database that stores and manages all
mobile subscriptions belonging to a specific operator.
Permanent person’s subscription information
MSC Mobile services Switching Performs the telephony switching functions for the mobile
Center network. Controls calls to and from other telephone & data
systems (PSTN, ISDN)
VLR Visitor Location Register Database contains information about all the mobile
subscribers currently located in an MSC service area.
Stores subscription info so that the MSC can service all
subscribers currently visiting that MSC service area
Base Station System (BSS)
The BSS performs all the radio-related functions.
Base Station System BSS

BSC
BTS
BSS Components
BSC Base Station Controller Manages all the radio-related functions of a GSM network.
It’s a high capacity switch that provides functions such as:

• MS handover
• Radio channel assignment
• Frequency Hoping etc.
A number of BSC may be controlled by each MSC
BTS Base Tranceiver Station Controls the radio interface to the MS.
Comprises the radio equipment such as transceivers and
antennas.
Mobile Station (MS)
- A mobile terminal
- A Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Definition of SITE
Cell Cell
BTS BTS
Cell Cell
Cell Cell
Cell Cell Cell
BTS BTS
Cell BTS
Cell Cell
Cell Cell Cell

Cell Cell
BTS BTS
Cell Cell
Cell Cell
• Tower
Cell
Cell RBS • Antenna equipment

Cell
• Container with radio
3 sector site
equipment
Feeders
”jumpers”, more flexible cables
Feeder cables
Container
GSM Geographical Network
Structure
GSM Service Area
PLM Service Area (one per operator)
MSC Service Area
Location Area (LA)
Cell
Cell
A Cell is the basic unit of a
cellular system.
It is defined as the area of

Cell radio coverage given by one
BS antenna system.
GSM Service Area
MSC Service Area
Location Area (LA)
Cell
Location Area (LA)
A Location Area is defined
as a group of cells.
GSM Service Area
MSC Service Area
Location Area (LA)
Cell
MSC service area
A MSC service area is
made up of a number of
LA 1 LA 2 LAs and represents the
geographical part of the
MSC VLR network controlled by one
MSC
LA 3
LA 4
GSM Service Area
MSC Service Area
Location Area (LA)
Cell
PLMN service area
Public Land Mobile Network
A PLMN service area is the entire set of cells served

by one network operator.
It is defined as the area in which an operator offers

radio coverage and access to its network
GSM Service Area
MSC Service Area
Location Area (LA)
Cell
GSM service area
A GSM service area the entire geographical area in
which a subscriber can gain access to a GSM
network.
The GSM service area increases as more operators
sign contracts agreeing to work together.
World Wide Area

GSM Service Area
MSC Service Area
Location Area (LA)
Cell
GSM Frequency bands
GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900
GHz 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
GSM 900 Most GSM networks worldwide use this band
GSM 1800 In 1990, In order to increase competition between

operators, the UK requested the start of a new version of
GSM adapted to the 1800 band. Usage of 1800 can increase
the number of operators in a country.
GSM 1900 In 1995, the Personal Communication Services(PCS)

concept was specified in the US. Basic idea is to enable
”person-to-person” communication rather then ”station-to-
station”. The 900 band was already occupied in US.
Uplink & Downlink
Downlink (DL) – network to MS

RBS
Uplink (UL) – MS to network

MS
Uplink , from MS, uses the lower
frequencies to save battery power
RBS – Radio Base Station SELEK International 20

Frequency concepts
System P-GSM 900 E-GSM 900 GSM 1800 GSM 1900
Original version Extended version
Frequencies
• Uplink 890 – 915 MHz 880 – 915 MHz 1710 – 1785 MHz 1850 – 1910 MHz
• Downlink 935 – 960 MHz 925 – 960 MHz 1805 – 1880 MHz 1930 – 1990 MHz
Wavelength ~ 33 cm ~ 33 cm ~ 17 cm ~ 16 cm
Bandwidth 25 MHz 35 MHz 75 MHz 60 MHz
Duplex distance 45 MHz 45 MHz 95 MHz 80 MHz
Carrier separation 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz 200 kHz
Radio Channels 125 175 375 300
Transmission rate 270 kbit/s 270 kbit/s 270 kbit/s 270 kbit/s
Frequency 2(3)
Electromagnetic waves
• Electromagnetic waves need no medium to propagate
• In vacum an electromagnetic wave has the velocity:

c = 3 x 108 [m/s] ( same as the speed of light)
Wavelength 1(3)
[m]
wavelength
Wavelength = Speed / Frequency
GSM 900
Wavelength = 3 x 108 [m/s] / 900 [MHz] = 0.33 m = 33 cm
Wavelength 3(3)
The frequencies used by mobile systems compromise
between:
the large-coverage advantages offered by lower
frequencies
and
the closeness-to-the-receiver advantages offered by
use of higher frequencies.
Channels 1(2)
Channel types
Type Description Examples
Simplex One way only FM radio, television
Half duplex Two way, only one at a time Police radio
Full duplex Two way, both at the same time Mobile systems
Channels 2(2)
A Simplex channel, such as FM radio music station, uses

a single frequency in a single direction only.
A Duplex channel, such as that used during a mobile call,

uses two frequencies:
one frequency to the MS – downlink
one frequency from the MS – uplink
Duplex distance
To use of full duplex requires that the uplink and
downlink transmission must be separated in frequency
by a minimum distance.
Bandwidth 25 MHz Bandwidth 25 MHz
Uplink Downlink
MHz 890 915 935 960
Duplex distance 45 MHz
Carrier separation
This is the distance on the frequency
band between channels being
transmitted in the same direction
MHz 895.4 895.6
Carrier separation 200 kHz This is required in order to avoid the

overlapping of information in one
channel into an adjacent channel
25 MHz / 200 kHz = 125

channels in GSM 900,
125 ULink + 125 DLink
Duplex distance and Carrier
separation
MHz 895.4 895.6
Carrier separation 200 kHz
Bandwidth 25 MHz Bandwidth 25 MHz
Downlink
MHz 890 915 935 960
Duplex distance 45 MHz

Capacity and Interference
It is the number of frequencies in a cell that determines

the cell’s capacity
It is important when allocating frequencies
f1
that interference is avoided
Cell f3 f
6
f1 Interference can be caused by a variety of
f2 f5
f4 factors. A common factor is the use of similar
Cell frequencies close to each other.
The higher interference, the lower call

quality
Frequency Re - use
To cover an entire country, for example, frequencies must be reused
many times at different geographical locations in order to provide a
network with sufficient capacity
f1
f2
f3
Cellplanning
Day 2
f1 f1
f2 f2
f3 f3
f1
Byte and Bit (Binary)
A bit is a digital unit that can be either 1 or 0

1
0
1 byte ~ 1 character 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 byte = 8 bits
Transmission Rate
The amount of information transmitted over a radio

channel over a period of time is known as the
transmission rate
In GSM the net bit rate over the air interface is:
270 kbit/s
Data Evolution - GSM towards 3G
WCDMA 2Mb/s
EDGE 300-470 kb/s
T
X. GPRS 130 kb/s
S
HSCSD 56kb/s
P GSM Data 14.4 kb/s
E
E GSM Data 9.6 kb/s
D Packet switched Services
Circuit Switched Services
Access method
TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access
One carrier is used to carry a number of calls.
In GSM, a TDMA frame consists of 8 time slots
Frequency # 1 A GSM radio carrier can

carry 8 calls
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time slots
TDMA
Time Division Multipple Access
A Mary had a little dog
B How are you today Mr Andersson
C Jonas and Daniel run up the hill

Conversation
D Olle was in the forest last week

One TDMA frame 
8 on going voice calls
E I’m singing in the rain
F Sven went skiing in the mountains
G Anna lives in Krylbo
H There was an old woman who lived in a small house
Figure 1
A singel channel carry all eight conversations, if each conversation is divided into relatively short
fragments, is assigned a time slot, and is transmitted in synchronized timed bursts as i figure 2.
After the conversation in time-slot 7 is transmitted, the process is repeated
RF Ch
Mary had a How are you Jonas and Daniel Olle was in I’m singing Sven went skiing Anna lives in There was an
Freq. 1
Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 5 Slot 6 Slot 7
Figure 2 SELEK International 36

Analog and Digital
Transmission
Analog information – continous and does not stop at

discrete values
Digital information – is set of discrete values
Advantage of using Digital
All signals, analog and digital, become distorted over distances
In analog, the only solution to this is to amplify the signal 

the distortion is also amplified
In digital the signal can be completely regenerated as new, without

the distortion
Transmitted Received Regenerated

Digital Interleaving
(Interleaving ~ Interfoliera, Strö ut, blanda in)
Analog
Send: COME HOME YOUR WIFE Lost!
Received: COME HOME YOUR _____?
Digital
Send: COME HOME YOUR WIFE
Interleaving: CHYW OOOI MMUF EERE Lost!
Received: COM_ HOM_ YOU_ WIF_
Transmission Problems
PATH LOSS – received signal becomes weaker and weaker due to
increasing distance between MS and BTS
SHADOWING – occurs when there are physical obstacles

including hills and buildings between the BTS and MS
MULTIPATH FADING
• Rayleigh fading – occurs when a signal takes more than one
path between the MS and BTS antennas
• Time Disperision – reflected signal comes from an object far
away from the Rx antenna
4. Channel Concept
Two types
• Physical Channel
• Logical Channel
Physical Channels
Physical Channel – Each timeslot on a TDMA frame is
called a physical channel, there are 8 physical channels per
carrier frequency
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time slots / Physical channels
Physical channels can be used to transmit speech, data or signaling

information. A physical channel may carry different messages.
Logical Channels 1(2)
Logical Channel – Is a message sent on a physical channel
There are eleven logical channels in the GSM system:

• Two for traffic, Full rate channel and Half rate channel
• Nine for control signaling
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5 5 5 5 5
”mapped information” TCH TCH FACCH TCH SDCCH

Logical Channels 2(2)
Example of messages sent on logical channels
• Handover
• Frequency correction
• BSIC (Base Station Identity Code)
• LAI (Location Area Identity)
• Signal strength and Quality
8. Mobile Station (MS)
Introduction to MS
Consists of two
independent parts
SIM ME
SIM Card Subscriber Mobile

Identity Equipment
Module
A SIM card is an electronic smart card which

stores information about the subscription
Maximum output power
Class-4, hand-held MS,

GSM 900
Max 2 Watts
Max Out Max Out Max Out

GSM900 GSM1800 GSM1900
Class Type
1 Vehicle & transportable Undefined 1 Watt 1 Watt
2 Vehicle & transportable 8 Watts 0.25 Watts 0.25 Watts
3 Hand - held 5 Watts Undefined Undefined
4 Hand - held 2 Watts Undefined Undefined
5 Hand - held 0.8 Watts Undefined Undefined
9. GSM Network Identities
• Subscriber-related identities
• Equipment-related identities
• Location-related identities
Subscriber related identities
1(3)
MSISDN – Mobile Station ISDN number
Is the actual telephone number of the mobile
0046 70 651 96 34
CC-Country Code NDC – National SN – Subscriber Number
Destination Code
2(3)
IMSI – International Mobile Subscriber Identity
• Is a unique identity allocated to each subscriber,

maximum 15 digits, UNKNOWN FOR THE SUBSCRIBER
• Is used for all signaling in the PLMN
• All network related subscriber information is

connected to an IMSI
• The IMSI is stored in the SIM, the HLR and in the

serving VLR
PLMN – Pblic Land Mobile Network SELEK International 50
3(3)
TMSI – Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
• It is a temporary IMSI number
• Is used to protect the subscriber’s identity on the air

interface
• The TMSI has local significance only (that is, within

the MSC/VLR area) and is changed at time intervals
or when certain events occour such as location
updating
MSC – Mobile Switching Center SELEK International 51
VLR - Visitor Location Register
Equipment related identities
1(2)
IMEI – International Mobile Equipment Identity
Is used to uniquely identify MS equipment
449308 10 424162 1
TAC – Type FAC – Final SNR – Serial Number, Spare digit for
Aproval Code Assemly Code, an individual serial future use
identifies the number
manufacturer
Try (*#06#) ?
Equipment related identities
2(2)
IMEISV – International Mobile Equipment Identity and Software Version
Provides a unique identity for every MS and

also refers to the version of software which is
installed in the MS
Location related identities 1(2)
MSRN – Mobile Roaming Number

Is a temporary network identity which is assigned
during establishment of a call to a roaming
subscriber
LAI – Location Area Identity

Is a temporary network identity which is also
required for routing
• Paging, used to inform the MSC of the LA
in which the MS is currently situated
• Location updating of mobile subscribers
MSC – Mobile Switching Center SELEK International 54
LA – Location Area
Location related identities 2 (2)
CGI – Cell Global Identity

Is used for identifying individual cells within
a LA
BSIC – Base Station Identity Code

Enables MSs to distinguish between different
base stations sending on the same frequency
LA – Location Area SELEK International 55

Interfaces VLR
G
BSS NSS D
VLR HLR AC
EIR
B F C
Um
BSC
Abis
TC
BT Ater A
S
BT
S (G)MSC E
(G)MSC
GSM frequency allocations
890 MHz 915 MHz 935 MHz 960 MHz
GSM-900 Uplink Downlink
1710 MHz 1785 MHz 1805 MHz 1880 MHz
GSM-1800 Uplink Downlink
2G — TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access
One timeslot = 0.577 ms One TDMA frame = 8 timeslots
200 KHz
Frequency
200 KHz
200 KHz
200 KHz
Time
Dr. A. Chockalingam Dept of ECE, IISc, Bangalore 24
Logical channels
LOGICAL
CHANNELS
COMMON DEDICATED
CHANNELS CHANNELS
BROADCAST COMMON DEDICATED TRAFFIC

CHANNELS CONTROL CONTROL CHANNELS
CHANNELS CHANNELS
FCCH SCH BCCH SDCCH SACCH FACCH
PCH RACH AGCH
TCH/F TCH/H TCH/EFR AMR/FR/HR
Logical Channels
Downlink
FCCH
BCCH SCH
Common SDCCH
Channels CCCH
PCH
AGCH
SACCH
DCCH FACCH
Dedicated SDCCH
Channels TCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
Logical Channels
Uplink
RACH CCCH
Common
Channels
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
DCCH
Dedicated
TCH/F Channels
TCH
TCH/H
GSM burst types (1)
TDMA FRAME ~ 4.615 ms
576.9 µs
tail S training S tail guard

encrypted bits encrypted bits
bits B sequence B bits period
57 57 8,25 bits
3 1 26 1 3
NORMAL BURST
tail tail guard

fixed bits ("0")
bits bits period
142 8,25 bits
3 3
FREQUENCY CORRECTION BURST
GSM burst types (2)
tail extended training tail guard
encrypted bits encrypted bits period
bits sequence bits 8,25
39 39
3 64 3 bits
SYNCHRONISATION BURST
tail tail guard

mixed bits
bits bits period
142 8,25 bits
3 3
DUMMY BURST
ext. tail synchronisation tail

encrypted bits extended guard period
bits sequence bits
8 36 68,25 bits
41 3
ACCESS BURST
Erlang
Erlang B Table
Blocking Probability Blocking Probability
Channels 1% 2% 3% 5% Channels 1% 2% 3% 5%
1 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,05 21 12,80 14,00 14,90 16,20
2 0,15 0,22 0,28 0,38 22 13,70 14,90 15,80 17,10
3 0,46 0,60 0,72 0,90 23 14,50 15,80 16,70 18,10
4 0,87 1,09 1,26 1,52 24 15,30 16,60 17,60 19,00
5 1,36 1,66 1,88 2,22 25 16,10 17,50 18,50 20,00
6 1,91 2,28 2,54 2,96 26 17,00 18,40 19,40 20,90
7 2,50 2,95 3,25 3,75 27 17,80 19,30 20,30 21,90
8 3,13 3,63 3,99 4,54 28 18,60 20,20 21,20 22,90
9 3,78 4,34 4,75 5,37 29 19,50 21,00 22,10 23,80
10 4,46 5,08 5,53 6,22 30 20,30 21,90 23,10 24,80
11 5,16 5,84 6,33 7,08 31 21,20 22,80 24,00 25,80
12 5,88 6,61 7,14 7,95 32 22,00 23,70 24,90 26,70
13 6,61 7,40 7,97 8,83 33 22,90 24,60 25,80 27,70
14 7,35 8,20 8,80 9,73 34 23,80 25,50 26,80 28,70
15 8,11 9,01 9,65 10,60 35 24,60 26,40 27,70 29,70
16 8,88 9,83 10,50 11,50 36 25,50 27,30 28,60 30,70
17 9,65 10,70 11,40 12,50 37 26,40 28,30 29,60 31,60
18 10,40 11,50 12,20 13,40 38 27,30 29,20 30,50 32,60
19 11,20 12,30 13,10 14,30 39 28,10 30,10 31,50 33,60
20 12,00 13,20 14,00 15,20 40
SELEK International
29,00 31,00 32,40 34,60 70
Frequency Reuse
D3 A1 C2 C3 B1 D2
C1 A2 A3 D1 B2 B3 C1
C3 B1 D2 D3 A1 C2 C3
A1 B2 B3 C1 A2 A3 D1
D2 A1 C2 C3 B1 D2
A1 D3
“4 ´ 3” reuse mode:
one group includes 3 sectors /site ,12 frequency which
are distributed to 4 sites. Every site owns 3 frequency.
Frequency Reuse
B3 A1 B2 B3 A1 B2
C1 A2 A3 C1 A2 A3 C1
C3 B1 C2 C3 B1 C2 C3
A1 B2 B3 A1 B2 B3 A1
A3 C1 A2 A3 C1 A2
A1 A3
“3 ´ 3” reuse mode:
one group includes 3 sectors /site ,9 frequency which are
distributed to 3 sites. Every site owns 3 frequency.
Numbering Arrangement
International Mobile Subscriber Identification number

(IMSI)
It identifies a unique international universal number of a

mobile subscriber, which consists of MCC+MNC+MSIN.
1) MCC: country code, 460
2）MNC: network code, 00 or 01
3）MSIN: subscriber identification, H1H2H3H4 9XXXXXX,
H1H2H3H4: subscriber registering place
H1H2: assigned by the P&T Administrative Bureau
(operator )to different provinces, to each province
H3H4: assigned by each province/city
the IMSI of user will be written into the SIM card by

specific device and software and be stored into the HLR
with other user information.

International Mobile Equipment Identification code

(IMEI)
It will uniquely identify a mobile station. It is a

decimal number of 15 digits. Its structure is:
TAC+FAC+SNR+SP
TAC=model ratification code, 6 digits

FAC=factory assembling code, 2 digits
SNR=sequence code, 6 digits
SP=reserved, 1 digit
Mobile Subscriber Roaming Number (MSRN)
The MSRN is temporarily distributed to the

subscriber by the VLR according to the request
by the HLR when this subscriber is called. The
MSRN is released and can be assigned to other
subscriber later.
CC + NDC + 00 + M1M2M3 + ABC

CC: country code, 86
NDC: mobile network code, 135—139, 130
M1M2: same as the H2H3 of MSISDN
ABC: 000 -- 999
GSM
GSM System Architecture

HLR/
UM VLR
Handset
A-bis A SS7
BSC MSC
PSTN
X.25
BTS
OMC
(Operation & Maintenance
Center)
Operation Data Terminal

SIM Terminal
card
Mobile Radio Network sub-system PSTN

station sub-system
Stored data in SIM Card
PARAMETER COMMENT
ADMINISTRATIVE DATA
PIN/PIN2 Personal Identification Number
PUK/PUK2 PIN unblocking key required to unlock a SIM
SIM Service Table List of optional functionality of the SIM
Last Dialed Number Used to redial the last number
Language Used for the display language
SECURITY RELATED DATA
Algorithm A3 and A8 Used for authentication and to determine Kc
Key Ki Individual Value Known only to the SIN and HLR
Key Kc The result of A8, Ki and random number (RAND)
CKSN Ciphering key sequence number
SUBSCRIBER DATA
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
MSISDN Mobile Subscriber ISDN number
Access Control Classes Used for control of network access
Stored data in SIM Card
PARAMETER COMMENT
ROAMING DATA
TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
Value of T3212 Timer used for location updating
Location Updating Status Determines if a location update is required
LAI Location Area Information
A SIM can hold up to 4 PLMNs after and unsuccessful location

Network Color Codes (NCCs) of
update. The oldest entry will be deleted when more than 4
Restricted PLMNs
restricted PLMNs are found
Decides which PLMN the MS should select if there is more than

NCCs of Preferred PLMNs
one to choose from, when the home PLMN is not available
PLMN DATA
NCC, Mobile Country Code (MCC),

This provides the home country and network identification of the
Mobile Network Code (MNC) of the
subscriber
Home PLMN
Absolute Radio Frequency Channel
Number (ARFCNs) of the Home Frequencies for which the home PLMN is licensed
PLMN
GSM
Mobile station power classes
GSM 900 GSM 1800

8W 39dBm Vehicular 4W 36dBm Vehicular
5W 37dBm Portable 1W 30dBm Portable Usual Classes
2W 33dBm Portable 0.25W 24dBm Portable

0.8W 29dBm Portable
GSM
BTS Power Classes
GSM 900 GSM 1800

320W 55dBm Class 1 20W 43dBm Class 1
40W 46dBm Class 4
20W 43dBm Class 5
10W 40dBm Class 6
 BSC
 A small switch with enhanced processing capability.
 Its responsibilities include:
 co-ordination and control of a number of BTSs
 traffic concentration
 low level switching operations
 network management interface to all radio elements
 radio channel management
 handover between BTSs within its domain
 scheduling of paging request
 passing system information e.g. LAI (Location Area Identity) to BTSs
for onward transmission
 queuing
 control of radio related operations: slow frequency hopping (SFH);
discontinuous transmission (DTX); ciphering and power control
 service transcoding, changing air interface rates to network rates e.g.
converting speech from 13 kbit/s to 64 kbit/s
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
 stores mobile stations IMEI (International Mobile

Equipment Identity)
 white list - mobile stations allowed to connect without
restrictions
 black list - mobile stations locked (stolen or not type
approved)
 gray list - mobile stations under observation for possible
problems
‫‪GSM TeleServices‬‬
‫توضيح‬ ‫کد مشخصه‬ ‫شرح سرويس‬

‫‪GSM‬‬
‫مهمترين سرويس براي سيستمهاي موبايل‪،‬‬ ‫‪T11‬‬ ‫صحبت (تلفني)‬
‫مکالمه عادي شامل مکالمات اضطراري‬
‫امکان برقراري مکالمات اضطراري بطور‬ ‫‪T12‬‬ ‫صحبت (تماس اضطراري)‬
‫اتوماتيک‬
‫براي دريافت پيام کوتاه‬ ‫‪T21‬‬ ‫پيام کوتاه (‪)Mobile Terminated‬‬
‫براي ارسال پيام کوتاه‬ ‫‪T22‬‬ ‫پيام کوتاه (‪)Mobile Originated‬‬

‫براي دريافت پيامهاي کوتاه منتشر شده‬ ‫‪T23‬‬ ‫پيام کوتاه (‪)Cell Broadcast‬‬
‫‪T61‬‬ ‫ارتباط فاکس گروه‪3‬‬
‫براي ارسال و دريافت پيامهاي فاکس‬ ‫‪T62‬‬ ‫ارتباط فاکس اتوماتيک گروه‪3‬‬
‫‪SELEK International‬‬ ‫‪83‬‬
‫…‪Dedicated Control Channel‬‬
‫)‪Stand-alone dedicated control channel (SDCCH‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫‪is a directional channel allocated to a specific mobile for exchange of‬‬
‫‪location update information and call set up information.‬‬
‫اين کانال به منظور ارتباط سيگنالينگ بين ‪ MS‬و ‪ BTS‬مربوطه در ابتدای برقراری مکالمه و قبل از تخصيص‬
‫کانال ترافيکی به کار می رود اين کانال بصورت دو طرفه در مسير های ‪ DL/UL‬بوده و شامل اطالعات‬
‫زير ميباشد‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬سيگنالهای برقراری مکالمه ‪CALL SETUP‬‬
‫‪ -2‬تائيد هويت مشترک‬
‫‪ -3‬عمل ثبت موقعيت مکانی مشترک‬
‫‪ -4‬ارسال پيامهای کوتاه ‪SMS‬‬

‫)‪Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫‪is associated with each SDCCH and Traffic Channel(TCH).It transmits‬‬
‫‪measurement reports and is also used for power control ,time‬‬
‫‪alignment and in some cases to transmit short messages.‬‬
‫اين کانال بصورت دو طرفه بوده و ميتواند وابسته به کانال ‪ SDCCH‬و يا وابسته به کانال ‪ TCH‬باشد‪.‬از اين کانال‬
‫جهت گزارش اندازه گيری توان واحد سيار و توان خود‪ BTS‬استفاده می شود تا بر اساس اين توانها‬
‫دستورات عمل انتقال مکالمه يا ‪ HAND OVER‬صورت گيرد‪ .‬عمليات مربوط به ‪POWER‬‬
‫‪CONTROL‬و‪ TIME ALIGNMENT‬نيز در اين کانال انجام ميشود ‪ .‬در حقيقت اين کانال يک کانال‬
‫ترافيکی می باشد و زمانيکه احتياج به تبادل سريع اطالعات سيگنالينگ باشد از اين کانال استفاده می شود‬

‫)‪Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬

‫‪is used when a handover is required.It is mapped on to a TCH,and it‬‬
‫‪replaces 20ms of speech and therefore it is said to work in‬‬
‫‪“stealing” mode.‬‬
‫اين کانال وابسته به کانال ‪ TCH‬بوده و در زمانيکه نياز به انجام و يا در خواست سريع ‪HAND‬‬
‫‪ OVER‬باشد از اين کانال استفاده می شود‪.‬اين کانال در داخل کانالهای ترافيکی و در صورت‬
‫نياز يکی از کانالهای ترافيکی را اشغال می کند در ادامه اطالعات ترافيکی ذخيره شده توسط‬
‫قسمت ديکدر مدار دوباره ارسال می شود و هيچ وقفه ای در مکالمه صورت نميگيرد‪.‬‬

Air Interface
8000 samples/s,
13 bits/sample
BS Side
8 bit A-Law 8 K sps
to
104 kbps RPE/LTP speech Encoder
13 bit Uniform To Channel Coder 13Kbps
8000 samples/s,
13 bits/sample
MS Side
8 K sps,
LPF A/D RPE/LTP speech Encoder
104 kbps To Channel Coder 13Kbps
Sampling Rate - 8K
Encoding - 13 bit Encoding (104 Kbps)
RPE/LTP - Regular Pulse Excitation/Long Term Prediction
RPE/LTP converts the 104 Kbps stream toSELEK
13 Kbps
International 89
Air Interface
 The 260 bits are divided into three classes:

 Class Ia 50 bits - most sensitive to bit errors.
 Class Ib 132 bits - moderately sensitive to bit errors.
 Class II 78 bits - least sensitive to bit errors.
 Class Ia bits have a 3 bit cyclic redundancy code added for error
detection = 50+3 bits.
 132 class Ib bits with 4 bit tail sequence = 132 + 4 = 136.
 Class Ia + class Ib = 53+136=189, input into a 1/2 rate convolution
encoder of constraint length 4. Each input bit is encoded as two output
bits, based on a combination of the previous 4 input bits. The
convolution encoder thus outputs 378 bits, to which are added the 78
remaining class II bits.
 Thus every 20 ms speech sample is encoded as 456 bits, giving a bit
rate of 22.8 kbps.
 456 bits * 50 sps = 22.8 kbps
Hybrid coder block
Class 1A Class 1B Class 2
50 132
SELEK International 78 91
Channel Coder:
The Channel Coder is divided into two blocks:
 The Block Coder allows error detection on the Class 1A
bits. This is performed by using a CRC-3 process that
generates (50 + 3) bits.
 The Convolutional Coder allows error detection and
correction. It protects the resulting 53 bits of the Block
Coder as well as the Class 1B bits. 378 bits are generated.
The decoding process is performed
Channelby the Viterbi decoder
Coding
Convolutional 22.8 kbits/s

Block coding = 456 bits
coding
For each 20 ms block
Channel Coder
Class 1A Class 1B Class 2

50 132 78
Block coder 1 4 '0' tail bits
378 bits
Convolutional coder 2
1
1A 1B CRC 1B 1A tail
25 66 3 66 25 4 456 bits for 20 ms speech
2
Class 1 bits coded
with
Class 2 bits
convolutional coder
378 78
Channel encoder
4 tail bits*
50 class
1a bits 53
3-bit bits
(2,1,5) 378
260 bits/20 ms CRC
convolution bits
= 13 kb/s Bit 456bits/20ms
182 class 1b bits coder = 22.8 kb/s
inter-
leaver
78 class 2 bits
Class 1a: CRC (3-bit error detection) and convolutional coding (error Correction)
Class 1b: convolutional coding
Class 2: no error protection
*tail bits to periodically reset convolutional coder
Air Interface
Speech 13 Kbit/s
Digitizing and
Source Coding Cannel Coding
22.8Kbit/s
Interleaving
and Ciphering
22.8Kbit/s
Air interface 33.8 Kbit/s

TDMA burst
GMSK Formatting
Modulation
Interleaving - First level
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8
b9 b10 b11 b12 b13 b14 b15 b16
b17 b18 b19 b20 b21 b22 b23 b24
b441 b442 b443 b444 b445 b446 b447 b448
b449 b450 b451 b452 b453 b454 b455 b456
SB1 SB2 SB3 SB4 SB5 SB6 SB7 SB8

8 sub-blocks (SB#1 .. SB#8) of 57 bits
Speech 20 ms 20 ms
Speech Coder Speech Coder
260 260
Channel Encoding Channel Encoding
456 bit 456 bit
Interleaving
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
NORMAL BURST
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25
Out of first 20 ms Out of second 20ms
Time Slots and Bursts
We have already seen that the technique used in air interface is Time Division
Multiple Access (TDMA) where one frequency is shared by, at the most , eight
users. Consider the example of a 2Mbit/s PCM signal which can carry 30 speech
channels with each channel occupying 64Kbit/s. The speech signals from the
mobile stations must be placed into a 2Mbit/s signal that connects the BTS and the
BSC.
The aim is that each mobile sends its information at a precise time, so that when
the information arrives at the Base Transceiver Station, it fits into the allocated time
slot in the 2Mbit/s signal. Each Mobile Station must send a burst (a burst occupies
one TDMA timeslot) of data at a different time to all the other Mobile Station in the
same cell.Two examples of burst types are:
Normal Burst
is used to send the traffic channels, stand alone dedicated channels,
broadcast control channels,paging channels, access grant channel, slow and
fast associated control channels.
Access Burst
which is used to send information on the Random Access Channel(RACH).
This burst contains the lowest number of bits.
Burst •
‫ دارای پنج‬.‫ ارسال می شوند‬TIME SLOT ‫به گروهی از اطالعات که در طی يک‬
: ‫شکل خاص می باشد که عبارتند از‬
1-NORMAL BURST
2-ACCESS BURST
3-FREQUENCY CORRECTION BURST
4-SYNCHRONIZATION BURST
5-DUMMY BURST
NORMAL BURST •
for transmitting messages in traffic and control channels
.‫ استفاده میشود‬RACH ,SCH ,FCCH ‫برای ارسال اطالعات کانال ترافیکی و کانالهای کنترلی به جز‬
SYNCHRONISATION BURST •
sent by base station for synchronization
.‫ به کار میرود‬BTS ‫به منظور همزمان کردن واحد سیار با‬
FREQUNCY CORRECTION BURST •

sent by base station for frequency correction at mobile station
.‫ اعالم میشود‬BTC ‫از این کانال برای تصحیح فرکانسی واحد سیار به کار میرود که توسط‬
ACCESS •
for call setup
DUMMY BURST •
to fill an empty timeslot in the absence of data
.‫ استفاده میشود‬BTS ‫این کانال حاوی هیچ اطالعاتی نمیباشد ودر موقعیتهای خاص توسط‬
Normal Burst
Flags
TB Encrypted bits Training Seq. Encrypted bits TB GP

3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25
156.25 Bits Per Slot Duration 577 µs

This burst is used to carry information on TCH and on the control channels
BCCH, PCH, AGCH, SDCCH, ASCCH and FACCH.
Note: GP (Guard Period)

Air Interface
GSM Frame
SACCH is Full rate
transmitted channel is
in frame 12 idle in 25
0 to 11 and 13 to 24 are used for traffic data
Frame
duration =
0 1 2 12 24 25 120ms
Frame duration
= 60/13ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frame duration =
15/26ms
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25

Frequency Correction Burst
TB Fixed bits TB GP
3 142 3 8.25

Synchronization Burst
TB Information bits Synchronization Seq. Information bits TB GP

3 39 64 39 3 8.25

Access Burst
TB Synchronization Seq. Encrypted bits TB GP

3 41 36 3 68.25
68.25 bits = 0.252 msec which is equivalent to 75.5 km

propagation delay.
That is, the max. allowed distance between mobile station
and BTS is 37.75 km. Based on other system parameters,
the max cell size is 35 km in GSM.
DUMMY Burst
TB Encrypted bits Training Seq. Encrypted bits TB GP

3 58 26 58 3 8.25

MSC
BSC BTS
TCSM
Air Interface
TDMA frame = 8 time slots (4.615ms)
TS6 TS7 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7 TS0 TS1
BTS MS

1 hyper-frame = 2048 super-frames = 2,715,648 TDMA frames
=3 hours 28 minutes 53 seconds 760 microseconds)
0 1 2 3 4 5 ... 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047
1 super-frame = 1326 TDMA frames (6.12 seconds)

= 51 (26-frame) multi-frames or 26 (51-frame) multi-frames
0 1 2 3 ... 47 48 49 50
0 1 ... 24 25
0 1 ... 24 25 0 1 ... 49 50
1 (26-frame) multi-frame 1 (51-frame) multi-frame

= 26 TDMA frames (120 ms) = 51 TDMA frames (120 ms)
SELEK International 1TDMA frame = 8 timeslots 111

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (120/26 =~ 4.615 ms)
Bursts and Frames
1 TDMA frame = 8 timeslots 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 timeslot = 156.25 bit durations (15/26 =~ 0.577 ms)

(1 bit duration 48/13 =~ 3.69 micro sec)
TB flag Training sequence 26 flag Encrypted bits 57 TB GP

Normal Burst (NB) Encrypted bits 57
1
3 1 3 8.25
Frequency correction burst (FB) TB Fixed bits 142 TB GP

3 3 8.25
TB TB GP
Synchronization burst (SB) 3
Encrypted bits 39 Synchronization sequence 64 Encrypted bits 39
3 8.25
TB
Access burst (AB) 3
Synchronization sequence Encrypted bits 36 TB GP 68.25
41 3
Dummy burst (DB) TB TB GP

Mixed bits 58 Training sequence 26 Mixed bits 58
3 3 8.25

) MAPPING(‫ نگاشت‬
.‫عبارت است از قرار گرفتن کانالهای منطقی روی کانالهای فیزیکی‬
S T T T T T T
C D
C C C C C C C
C
C H H H H H H
H C
3 4 5 6 7 8
H
) F1,F2,F3,F4( ‫ موج حامل‬4 ‫ ایستگاه ثابتی با‬: ‫شکل‬

T T T T T T T T
C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H
1 2 3 5 5 6 7 8
T T T T T T T T
C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H
1 2 3 5 5 6 7 8
T T T T T T T T
C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H SELEK International 113
1 2 3 5 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
TS 0
1
SYNC
TCH
2 TCH
3 TCH
4 TCH
 Traffic channels' bit rate is 64 kbit/s 5
6
TCH
TCH
7 TCH
 TCH are located in all TS's except of 8
9
TCH
TCH
TSL 0 10
11
TCH
TCH
12 TCH
 TS 16 is usually used for CCS7 13
14
TCH
TCH
signalling (in the Orange Network the 15
16
TCH
CCSS 7
CCS7 is configured in TSL 1! ) 17
18
TCH
TCH
19 TCH
20 TCH
21 TCH
22 TCH
23 TCH
24 TCH
25 TCH
26 TCH
27 TCH
28 TCH
29 TCH
30 TCH
31 TCH

CHANNEL CONFIGURATIONS
Full Rate Traffic Channel (TCH) Multiframe
Downlink and Uplink
26 TDMA frames = 120 ms
t t t t t t t t t t t t sf t t t t t t t t t tf t t i
0 25
Channels :
t = TCH
s = SACCH
I = idle
FACCH is not allocated slots in the multiframe. It steals TCH
slots when required.

Half Rate Traffic Channel (TCH) Multiframe
Downlink and Uplink
t t t t t t t t t t t ts t t t t t t t t t t tt i
t t t t t t t t t t t t i t t t t t t t t t tt t s
0 25
Channels :
t = TCH
s = SACCH
I = idle
Logical Channels
Mapping - 1 Example
 Example of mapping:
 combined CCCH/SDCCH/4 configuration
Downlink 51 TDMA frames = 235 ms
f s b b b bc c c c f scf c c c c c c c f s tf t t t t t t t f s tf t t t t t t t f s sf s s s s s s s i
1. 2. 3. 4.
Uplink 51 TDMA frames = 235 ms
t t t t r r s s s s s s sf s r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r t t t t t tf t t r r t t t t
Beware of "home-made"
SELEK International bottlenecks 117
Combined CCCH/SDCCH/4 Multiframe
f s b b b bc c c c f scf c c c c c c c f s tf t t t t t t t f s tf t t t t t t t f s sf s s s s s s s i
1. 2. 3. 4.
t t t t r r s s s s s s sf s r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r t t t t t tf t t r r t t t t
0 50
Channels:
f = FCCH
b = BCCH
r = RACH
i=idle
s = SCH/SACCH
c = CCCH SELEK International 118
t = SDCCH/4
BCCH/CCCH Multiframe
Downlink
f s b b bb c c c c f scf c c c c c c c f scf c c c c c c c f s cf c c c c c c c f s cf c c c c c c c i
r r r r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r
0 50
Channels:
f = FCCH
b = BCCH
r = RACH
i=idle
s = SCH
c = CCCH = PCH/AGCH SELEK International 119
SDCCH/8 Multiframe
t t t t t t t t t t t t tf t t t t t t t t t tf t t t t t t t t t sf s s s s s s ss s sf s s s s s i i i
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
s s s s s s s s s s s s fi i i t t t t t t t tf t t t t t t t t t tf t t t t t t t t t tf t t t t s s s s
0 50
Channels:
t = SDCCH/8
s = SACCH/8
i=idle SELEK International 120
CHANNEL CONFIGURATION
Number of CCCH Blocks
BCCH/CCCH 51 TDMA frames = 235 ms
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
f s b b bb c c c c f scf c c c c c c c f scf c c c c c c c f s cf c c c c c c c f s cf c c c c c c c i
BCCH/SDCCH/4 51 TDMA frames = 235 ms

1 2 3
f s b b bb c c c c f scf c c c c c c c f stf t t t t t t t f s tf t t t t t t t f s sf s s s s s s s i
Channels:
f = FCCH
b = BCCH
t = SDCCH/4
i=idle
s = SCH/SACCH
c = CCCH = PCH/AGCH SELEK International 121
‫‪Time Slots and Bursts‬‬
‫برای فرايند رمزنگاری( ‪ ) CIPHERING‬چه در دريافت پيام و يا در ارسال‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫پيام نياز به شماره قاب ‪ ) TIME SLOT( TDMA‬ميباشد‪ .‬لذا ‪ BTS‬قابها را به‬
‫صورت ‪ PERIODIC‬شماره گذاری ميکند ‪.‬‬
‫قاب شامل ساختارهای مختلف زير ميباشد‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪FRAME‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫‪MULTI FRAME‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫‪SUPER FRAME‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫‪HYPER FRAME‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬

‫قالب بندی قطار پالس ‪BURST FORMATING /‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫در اين قسمت اطالعات به صورت قابهای قالب بندی شده به نرخ بيت ‪ 8/33‬کيلو بيت بر ثانيه برای هر‬
‫کانال و يا به عبارتی به نرخ بيت ‪ 270‬کيلو بيت بر ثانيه برای يک قاب ‪ 8 TDMA‬کاناله در می‬
‫آورد‬

‫روشن شدن گوشی موبايل‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ .1‬وقتی گوشی روشن ميشود ‪ MS‬به دنبال موج حامل مناسب ميگردد و با يافتن آن توسط ‪ FCCH‬فرکانس خود را دقيقا‬
‫تنظيم ميکند‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬سپس با خواندن ‪ SCCH‬خود را با ‪ BTS‬همزمان ميکند‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬سپس با گوش دادن به کانال ‪ BCCH‬اطالعاتی کلی راجع به مشخصات سلولی مربوطه و موجهای مربوط به آن سلول‬
‫و کد کشور و شبکه واحد سيار و در ضمن اطالعاتی راجع به سلولهای همسايه را در خواهد يافت‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬حال واحد سيار بايد ثبت نام اوليه نمايد به منظور اطالع رسانی به سيستم از نظر روشن بودن ترمينال و اينکه موقعيت‬
‫فعلی وی کجاست تا اينکه اگر درخواست ارسال يا دريافت پيام داشت امکان برقراری مکالمه وجود داشته باشد‪.‬‬
‫تقاضای ثبت نام‪ACCESS FOR REGISTRATION/‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ .1‬در اين مرحله ‪ MS‬تقاضای کانال اختصاصی مينمايد و اين درخواست را از طريق ‪ RACH‬به اطالع سيستم ميرساند‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬در اين حالت سيستم ‪ SDCCH‬خاص را به وی اختصاص می دهد‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬پذيرش و مشخصات کانال اختصاصی را توسط ‪ AGCCH‬به اطالع ‪ MS‬می رساند‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ثبت نام از طريق ‪ SDCCH‬انجام می شود‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬سيگنالهای کنترلی از طريق ‪ SACCH‬مبادله ميشود‪.‬‬
‫‪ PCH‬فراخوانده شود ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .6125‬سپس ‪ MS‬صرفا به ‪ BCCH‬گوش ميدهد تا شايد از طريق‬
‫‪SELEK International‬‬
‫‪ ‬فراخوانی‪PAGING /‬‬
‫‪ ‬سيستم واحد سيار را از طريق ‪ PCH‬فرا ميخواند‪.‬‬
‫‪ MS ‬به فراخوانی پاسخ خواهد داد اين پاسخ تقاضای يک کانال کنترل اختصاصی است که از‬
‫طريق ‪ RACH‬انجام می گيرد‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬سيستم پاسخ الزم را از طريق ‪ AGCH‬به اطالع ‪ MS‬می رساند‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬سپس سيستم و‪ MS‬از طريق ‪ SDCCH‬اطالعات کنترلی الزم جهت برقراری مکالمه را‬
‫مبادله خواهند کرد‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬گزارشهای اندازه گيری وکنترل توان توسط ‪ SACCH‬ارسال خواهد شد‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬در نهايت يک کانال ترافيکی خاص به ‪ MS‬اختصاص می يابد و مکالمه از اين طريق اغاز‬
‫ميشود‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬تقاضا برای برقراری مکالمه ‪ACCSS FOR CALL /‬‬

‫‪ MS ‬تقاضای کانال کنترل اختصاصی خود را از طريق ‪ RACH‬اعالم می دارد‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬سيستم پاسخ وی را از طريق ‪ AGCH‬اعالم می دارد و کانال ‪ SDCCH‬را به او‬
‫اختصاص ميدهد‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬از طريق کانال اختصاصی اطالعات کنترلی الزم برای برقراری مکالمه از قبيل شماره‬
‫طرف مقابل و تصديق هويت مبادله ميشود‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬سپس کانال ترافيکی خاص اختصاص يافته و مکالمه برقرار می شود‬

Location update from Time Slots and Bursts
the mobile
Mobile looks for BCCH after switching on
RACH send channel request
AGCH receive SDCCH
SDCCH request for location updating
SDCCH authenticate
SDCCH authenticate response
SDCCH switch to cipher mode
SDCCH cipher mode acknowledge
SDCCH allocate TMSI
SDCCH acknowledge new TMSI

SDCCH switch idle update mode
Call establishment
Mobile looks for BCCH after switching on
from a mobile
RACH send channel request
AGCH receive SDCCH
SDCCH send call establishment request
SDCCH do the authentication and TMSI allocation
SDCCH send the setup message and desired number
SDCCH require traffic channel assignment
FACCH switch to traffic channel and send ack (steal bits)
FACCH receive alert signal ringing sound
FACCH receive connect message
FACCH acknowledge connect message and use TCH

TCH conversation continues
Call establishment to a
mobile Mobile looks for BCCH after switching on
Mobile receives paging message on PCH

Generate Channel Request on RACH
Receive signaling channel SDCCH on AGCH
Answer paging message on SDCCH
Receive authentication request on SDCCH

Authenticate on SDCCH
Receive setup message on SDCCH
Receive traffic channel assignment on SDCCH
FACCH switch to traffic channel and send ack (steal bits)

Receive alert signal and generate ringing on FACCH
Receive connect message on FACCH

FACCH acknowledge connect message and switch to TCH
‫‪Cell Planning‬‬
‫پديده محوشدگی سيگنال‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫در اين پديده قدرت سيگنال دريافتی در اثر عوامل گوناگونی نظير عوامل جوی‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪,‬جغرافيايی ‪,‬موانع طبيعی‪ ,‬ساختمانها وغيره کم می شود‪ .‬اين محوشدگی به دو نوع‬
‫عمده زير تقسيم می شود‪:‬‬
‫محو شدگی قدرت‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫در اثر عوامل جوی همچون باران و توپوگرافی زمين ( تپه ها و بلنديها ) و موانع ساخت بشر سيگنال‬
‫دريافتی با تضعيف به گيرندگی می رسد که به آن محو شدگی قدرت يا پديده سايه می گويند‪.‬‬
‫وجود موانع بين فرستنده و گيرنده باعث ايجاد سايه در نزديکی فرستنده و گيرنده می شود‪.‬با‬
‫طراحی مناسب و افزايش قدرت فرستنده تا حدی که موجب تداخل نشود می توان براين پديده غلبه‬
‫کرد‬
‫محو شدگی چند مسيره‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫محو شدگی سريع بوسيله انتشار چند مسيره ايجاد می شود و اين بدان معنی است که سيگنال دريافتی‬
‫در گيرنده با سيگنال اصلی انتقال يافته جمع برداری می شود‬

Fading
Log-normal fading
(shadowing) Fast fading
(multipath fading)
Amplitude
Log-normal fading
Fast fading

Distance
‫محو شدگی چند مسيره‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫نمونه واقعی آن در مخابرات سيار وجود دارد‪.‬اين مساله بويژه در مناطق شهری که اغلب ساختمانها‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫و ساختارهای بلند وجود دارد هر کدام مانند منعکس کننده ای عمل می کنند و در واقع ممکن است‬
‫مسير مستقيمی از فرستنده به واحد سيار وجود نداشته باشد و دريافت به طور کلی از انعکاسات‬
‫برقرار شود‪ .‬بعبارت ديگر اگر سيگنال دريافتی در اثر انعکاس از موانع از مسيرهای غير مستقيم نيز‬
‫به گيرندگی برسد در اثر اختالف مسير پرتوهای منعکسه با پرتو اصلی ‪ ,‬اختالف فاز بين پرتوهای‬
‫منعکسه با پرتو اصلی بوجود آمده و چون سيگنال دريافتی حاصل جمع برداری اين پرتوها می باشد‬
‫لذا تضعيف می گردد که به آن پديده محو شدگی چند مسيره گويند‪ .‬محو شدگی چند مسيره بر دو نوع‬
‫می باشد‪:‬‬
‫محو شدگی انتخابی )‪(Selective Fading‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫اين محو شدگی فقط روی برخی فرکانسها افت داشته در صورتيکه قدرت متوسط سيگنال تغيير نمی کند‪.‬سيستمهای آنالوگ‬
‫به اين محو شدگی حساس نمی باشند در حاليکه در سيستم های ديجيتال پر ظرفيت موجب پديده تفرق يا پاشندگی‬
‫زمانی می گردد ‪ ,‬يعنی در اثر انعکاسات از فواصل دور ( فواصل چند کيلومتر ) سيگنالهای مختلف با فازهای غير‬
‫يکسان و با تاخير به گيرندگی می رسند لذا باعث تداخل بين سمبلی (‪ )ISI‬می شوند‬
‫محو شدگی مسطح )‪(Flat Fading‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫در اين نوع محو شدگی ‪ ,‬افتی که بر اثر محو شدگی چند مسيره در سيگنال رخ می دهد برای کليه فرکانسها يکسان می‬
‫باشد با جمع برداری سيگنالهای رسيده از موانع نزديک ‪ ,‬ممکن است قدرت سيگنال دريافتی افزايش يافته يا کاهش‬
‫يابد که در اينصورت عمق محو شدگی خواهيم داشت‪.‬فاصله زمانی بين دو عمق محو شدگی به سرعت واحد سيار و‬
‫فرکانس موج حامل بستگی دارد‬
 Selective fading
 is caused by reflections
 The reflected signal comes from objects that have distance that is of
the order 1-5 km
 The transmission delay of different path causes ISI Inter Symbol
Interference
 In order to avoid ISI is used a channel equalizer
 By 26 bits training sequence the Viterbi equalizer can cope with ISI
of up to 4 bit times on every bit
 The Viterbi equalizer corresponds to reflected signals of greater
than 4.4 km longer than incident
1
BTS
Tx
Time dispersion
Rx
Time
Building
 Flat fading
 is caused by the vector summation of signals from near objects
 The resultant value may be in some case be beneficial but it may
cause a severe fading dip
 The positions of the fading dips are frequency dependent and are
most likely to occur at every half wave-length (in GSM/DCS is
17/8.5 Cm)
 If the dip is severe enough then the strength of the received signal
may go below that of the receiver sensitivity, resulting in loss of
signal
Signal Strength
Approx 17Cm
Rx sensitivity

Fading dips Distance
‫‪ ‬روش های غلبه بر محو شدگی مسطح‬

‫‪ .1‬تکنيک پرش فرکانسی )‪(Frequency Hopping‬‬
‫در شبکه ‪ GSM‬از پديده پرش فرکانسی به منظور بهبود و باال بردن کيفيت سيگنالهای ارسالی استفاده می شود و در آن بر‬
‫طبق يک الگوريتم خاص‪ ,‬در هر لحظه معين از زمان فرکانس ارسال کانال راديويی مربوط به هر دريچه زمانی‬
‫عوض می شود‬
‫‪ .2‬تکنيک کد گذاری کانال )‪(Channel Coding‬‬

‫کيفيت يک سيستم انتقال ديجيتال بر مبنای تعداد بيتهای دريافت شده بيان می شود و اين امر ما را به بيان معيار نرخ خطای‬
‫بيت (‪ ) BER‬هدايت می کند‪ BER.‬بيان کننده اين است که چه تعداد از بيت های دريافتی به صورت غلط آشکار‬
‫سازی شده است‪ .‬که البته اين نرخ خطا بايد تا حد ممکن کاهش يابد با اينحال بديل تغييرات دايم در مسير انتقال‪ ,‬کاهش‬
‫‪ BER‬به صفر امکان پذير نخواهد بود‪ .‬و همواره مقدار مشخصی از خطا مجاز خواهد بود با وجود اين اطالعات قابل‬
‫بازيابی بوده و يا حداقل خطای بوجود آمده قادر به آشکارسازی می باشد‪ .‬که برای انجام آن کد گذاری کانال استفاده‬
‫می شود‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬تکنيک دايورسيتی آنتنی‬

 Frequency Hopping
Optionally, TDMA is combined with frequency hopping to
address problem of channel fading. TDMA bursts are
transmitted in a pre-calculated sequence of different
frequencies (algorithm programmed in mobile station), If
a TDMA burst happens to be in a deep fade, then next
burst most probably will not be so
Helps to make transmission quality more uniform among
all subscribers

Hopping principles
Frequency
RANDOM CYCLIC
F3
F2
F1
cycle
Time

‫انواع کد کنترل‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫کد بلوکی( ‪(BLOCK CODE‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫در کد بلوکی به بيتهای اطالعات تعدادی بيت کنترل اضافه می شود‪ .‬اين بيتهای کنترل به بيتهای‬
‫اطالعات در همان بلوک بستگی دارند‪ .‬کدهای بلوکی اغلب برای آشکار سازی خطا استفاده می‬
‫شوند‪ .‬در اين روش ارسال مجدد اطالعات در خواست می گردد‪ .‬اين نوع کدگذاری بيشتر در‬
‫ارتباط با تصحيح خطا بکار می رود‪.‬‬
‫کد پيچشی ( ‪) CONVOLUTIONAL CODE‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫در کد گذاری پيچشی ارقام توليد شده توسط کد کننده به اطالعات پيام جاری و به بيتها و قالبهای پيام‬
‫قبلی نيز بستگی دارند‪.‬‬
‫در ‪ GSM‬هر دو روش استفاده می شود‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪Time Alignment ‬‬

‫‪ ‬استفاده از روش ‪ TDMA‬در انتقال راديويی مشکل ايجاد می کند زيرا زمانيکه ‪ MS‬در دريچه‬
‫زمانی ‪ 3‬با ‪ BTS‬مربوطه در ارتباط است با دور شدن ‪ MS‬از ‪ , BTS‬اطالعات با تاخير‬
‫بيشتری مواجه می شود بطوريکه اگر تصميمی اتخاذ نشود اطالعات ‪ MS‬مذکور ممکن است‬
‫همزمان با اطالعات ‪ MS‬ديگری که روی دريچه ‪ 4‬با ‪ BTS‬در ارتباط است و اطالعات با‬
‫هم تداخل نمايند‪ .‬به منظور جلوگيری از اين مشکل در مدت برقراری مکالمه اين زمانهای‬
‫تاخير بوسيله ‪ BTS‬نظارت شده و فرمان الزم به ‪ MS‬جهت از پيش فرستادن اطالعات داده‬
‫می شود که به آن ‪ TA‬گويند‪.‬اگر شعاع سلولی سرويس داده شده توسط ‪ BTS‬محدود نگردد‬
‫‪ TA‬بتدريج افزايش يافته و اين امر امکان پذير نخواهد بود‪.‬‬

 Timing Advance
 Advance in Tx time corresponding to
propagation delay
 6 bit number used; hence 63 steps
 63 bit period = 233 micro seconds (round trip
time)
 35 Kms

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1.

GSM – Global System for Mobile

1983 AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Analogue N & S America

1985 TACS Total Access Communication Analogue Europe & China

1991 GSM Global System for Mobile Digital World-wide

1991 TDMA Time Division Multiple Digital N & S America

1992 Cdma-one CodedivisionmultipleaccessO Digital N America and Korea

1993 GSM1800 Global System for Mobile Digital Europe

1994 PDC Personal Digital Cellular Digital Japan

1995 PCS1900 Personal Communication Digital N America

1997 UMTS Universal Mobile Digital World-wide

Subscriber info Billing

MSC-Mobile Switching Center

VLR VLR VLR

MSC MSC GMSC

BSC BSC BSC BSC BSC

VLR HLR EIR

The BSS performs all the radio-related functions.

Base Station System BSS

It’s a high capacity switch that provides functions such as:

A number of BSC may be controlled by each MSC

Cell Cell Cell

Cell RBS • Antenna equipment

MSC Service Area

Location Area (LA)

It is defined as the area of

PLM Service Area (one per operator)

MSC Service Area

Location Area (LA)

GSM Service Area

PLM Service Area (one per operator)

MSC Service Area

Location Area (LA)

PLM Service Area (one per operator)

MSC Service Area

Location Area (LA)

A PLMN service area is the entire set of cells served

It is defined as the area in which an operator offers

GSM Service Area

PLM Service Area (one per operator)

MSC Service Area

Location Area (LA)

World Wide Area

PLM Service Area (one per operator)

MSC Service Area

Location Area (LA)

GSM 900 Most GSM networks worldwide use this band

GSM 1800 In 1990, In order to increase competition between

GSM 1900 In 1995, the Personal Communication Services(PCS)

Downlink (DL) – network to MS

Uplink (UL) – MS to network

RBS – Radio Base Station SELEK International 20

Bandwidth 25 MHz 35 MHz 75 MHz 60 MHz

Duplex distance 45 MHz 45 MHz 95 MHz 80 MHz

Radio Channels 125 175 375 300

• Electromagnetic waves need no medium to propagate

• In vacum an electromagnetic wave has the velocity:

Wavelength = Speed / Frequency

Half duplex Two way, only one at a time Police radio

A Simplex channel, such as FM radio music station, uses

A Duplex channel, such as that used during a mobile call,

Bandwidth 25 MHz Bandwidth 25 MHz

Duplex distance 45 MHz