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V = – K (∆h/∆L)
and since
Q = VA (A = total area)
Q = – KA (dh/dL)
Hydraulic Conductivity
• K represents a measure of the ability for flow
through porous media:
Av voids
A = total area
Darcy & Seepage Velocity
• Thus VS = V D / n
Equations of Groundwater Flow
Darcy’s Law
Vx
Vx Vx
x
y
Mass In - Mass Out =Change in Storage
Vx Vy Vz 0
x y z
Derivation of 3-D GW Flow
Equation from Darcy’s Law
Replace Vx, Vy, and Vz with Darcy using Kx, Ky, and Kz
h h h
K x K y K z 0
x x y y z z
2h 2h 2h
2 2 0
x 2
y z
2 h 0 called Laplace Eqn.
Transient Saturated Flow
Vx Vy Vz n
x y z t
A change in h will produce change in and n, replaced
with specific storage Ss = g( + n). Note, is
the compressibility of aquifer and B is comp of water,
therefore,
h h h h
K x K y K z Ss
x x y y z z t
Solutions to GW Flow Eqns.
Solutions for only a few simple problems can be
obtained directly - generally need to apply numerical
methods to address complex boundary conditions.
2h 2h 2h
2 2 0
x 2
y z
2 h 0 called Laplace Eqn.
h0 h1
Transient Saturated Flow
Simplifying by assuming K = constant in all dimensions
And assuming that S = Ssb, and that T = Kb yields
2 h 2 h 2 h Ss h
2 2
x 2
y z K t
S h
h
2
from Jacob, Theis
T t
Steady State Flow to Well
Simplifying by assuming K = constant in all dimensions
and assuming that Transmissivity T = Kb and
Q = flow rate to well at point (x,y) yields
h h
2 2
Qx, y
2
x 2
y T
Example of Darcy’s Law
• A confined aquifer has a source of recharge.
• K for the aquifer is 50 m/day, and n is 0.2.
• The piezometric head in two wells 1000 m
apart is 55 m and 50 m respectively, from a
common datum.
• The average thickness of the aquifer is 30
m, and the average width of aquifer is 5 km.
Compute:
• a) the rate of flow through the aquifer
• (b) the average time of travel from the head of the
aquifer to a point 4 km downstream
• *assume no dispersion or diffusion
The solution
• Cross-Sectional area=
30(5)(1000) = 15 x 104 m2
• Hydraulic gradient =
(55-50)/1000 = 5 x 10-3
• Rate of Flow for K = 50 m/day
Q = (50 m/day) (75 x 101 m2)
= 37,500 m3/day
• Darcy Velocity:
V = Q/A = (37,500m3/day) / (15
x 104 m2) = 0.25m/day
• Seepage Velocity:
And Vs = V/n = (0.25) / (0.2) =
1.25 m/day (about 4.1 ft/day)
30 ft
Example 2
• Consider a 1-ft length of river (and channel).
Q = KA [(h1 – h2) / L]
• Where:
A = (30 x 1) = 30 ft2
K = (0.25 ft/hr) (24 hr/day) = 6 ft/day
• Therefore,
Q = [6 (30) (120 – 110)] / 2000
= 0.9 ft3/day/ft length = 0.9 ft2/day
Permeameters