CHAPTER

Energy Transfer by
Heat, Work, and Mass
 Heat Transfer

• Heat, means heat transfer.

– Energy transfer driven by temperature difference
– always hotter to cooler
• Adiabatic – no heat transfer
– same as isothermal?
• Symbols used:
– Q and q
–Q
• Caloric?
 Work

• Energy transfer not driven by a temperature

difference. Examples
– Rising piston
– rotating shaft
– electric wire crossing the system boundaries
• Symbols used:
• W and w
• W
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

FIGURE 3-9
Specifying the
directions of
heat and work.

Formally:
Qin and Wout
are positive,
Qout and Win
are negative
3-1
Heat and Work
• Both heat and work are boundary
phenomena.
• Systems possess energy, but not heat or
work.
• Both are associated with a process, not a
state.
• Both are path functions
– Magnitudes depend on paths as well as end
Instructor’s Visual Aids
states
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki
Chapter 3 Module 1 Slide ‹#›
Work
Processes
State 1
P1 Process line, or path

P3

P2 State 2

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 1 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Work
Electrical Work
• We = VI
• so We = VIΔt if V and I are constant.

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 1 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Work
Mechanical Work

W  F  d s
F
m

ds
s
Instructor’s Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 1 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Work
 Quasi – equilibrium processes,
best case.
Work at a system
boundary...
There must be a force acting on the boundary.

The boundary must move.

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 1 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Work
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
FIGURE 3-19
A gas does a
differential amount
of work Wb as it
forces the piston to
move by a
differential amount
ds.

3-2
Work transfer at a boundary

Surroundings
System
W>0

W< 0

System Boundary
Instructor’s Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 1 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Work
Work of Expansion

p  p gas  p am bient
x2
Wb   pAdx
x1

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 1 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Work
Work of Expansion: p-dV work

V2
Wb  
V1
pdV

dV  Adx p  p(V )
Instructor’s Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 1 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Work
Evaluating a equilibrium
expansion process

p  p(V )
p
p1

p2

V1 V2 V = Ax
Instructor’s Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 1 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Work
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

FIGURE 3-20
The area under
the process
curve on a P-V
diagram
represents the
boundary work.

3-3
 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

FIGURE 3-22
The net work
done during a
cycle is the
difference
between the
work done by
the
system and the
work done on
the system.

3-4
 PROCESSES
INVOLVING
IDEAL GASES

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 2 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Processes Involving Ideal Gases
 Polytropic processes...

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 2 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Processes Involving Ideal Gases
The polytropic process: n
PV =Const.
State 1
p

State 2

V
Instructor’s Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 2 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Processes Involving Ideal Gases
Assumptions

• Changes in KE and PE
are zero
• Quasistatic process
• Polytropic process
• Ideal gas
Instructor’s Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 2 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Processes Involving Ideal Gases
 Expression for work:
V2
W12,by   PdV
V1
V2
  P(V )dV
V1
Process equation:

P V  C1  PV
1 1
n n

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 2 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Processes Involving Ideal Gases
 Evaluating the integral:

C1V2
W1 2,by  dV
V1 V n

P2V2  P1V1

1 n
Note that n cannot equal one, which is the general case.
Instructor’s Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 2 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Processes Involving Ideal Gases
 For the special case when n = 1:

C1
V2
W1 2,by  dV
V1 V

 V2 
 P1 V1 ln  
 V1 
Instructor’s Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 2 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Processes Involving Ideal Gases
Polytropic processes
p
Isothermal Process
p1 (n = 1)

p2
T1
p2 n>1
T2

V1 V2 V

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 2 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Processes Involving Ideal Gases
Alternative expressions for W1-2

W1 2 
mR
T2  T1 , n  1
1 n
 V2 
W1 2  mRT ln  , n  1
 V1 
Instructor’s Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 2 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Processes Involving Ideal Gases
 Constant pressure
processes...

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 2 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Processes Involving Ideal Gases
Constant pressure process
• Consider as a limiting case of the
general polytropic process.
• P = Constant
• Evaluation of the work integral
V2
W13   PdV  P (V2  V1 )
V1

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 2 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Processes Involving Ideal Gases
 Constant pressure, constant temperature
and polytropic processes:

P 1 P = Constant
(n = 0)
Isobaric process

n 1

n 1
2

V
Instructor’s Visual Aids
Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 2 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Processes Involving Ideal Gases
Shaft Work
• Work = F∙d
– Replace force with torque, T
– Replace distance with angle rotated = 2πn
• where n is number of rotations
• Wsh = T(2πn) or
• Wsh = T(2πn) where n is frequency in Hz

Instructor’s Visual Aids

Heat Work and Energy. A First Course in Thermodynamics Chapter 3 Module 1 Slide ‹#›
© 2002, F. A. Kulacki Work