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𝑑 1 2
−∞, +∞ because for each x in this interval 𝐹′ 𝑥 = 𝑥 = 𝑥, which is equal to 𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥 2
1 2
However, 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑥 is not the only antiderivative of f on this interval.
2
1
If we add any constant C to 𝑥 2 , then the function
2
𝑑 1 2
𝐺′ 𝑥 = 𝑥 +𝐶 =𝑥+0=𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥 2
Antiderivatives (Integral)
i. dx x C
ii. cf ( x)dx c f ( x)dx cF ( x) C
n 1
x
iii. x n dx C ; n 1
n 1
iv. [ f ( x) f ( x) .... f ( x)]dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx ... f ( x)dx
1 2 n 1 2 3
• Basic Integration Formulas Illustrations:
𝑥 𝑛+1
1. 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑑 + 𝐶 3. = 𝑥𝑑 𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
1
4 5
Illustrations: a) 𝑤 = 𝑤𝑑 + 𝐶 Illustrations: a) = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥
4 𝑥4 +𝐶
5
1
𝑑𝑥 −2
b) 𝑝 = 𝑝𝑑 + 𝐶 b) 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥
1
= 2𝑥 + 𝐶2
2. 𝐹𝑐 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 𝑐 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓𝑐 + 𝐶 =2 𝑥+𝐶
Illustrations: a) 𝑥𝑏 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑏 = 𝑥𝑑𝑏 + 𝐶
b) 4𝑑𝑦 = 4 = 𝑦𝑑 4𝑦 + 𝐶
3 3 3
c) 7 𝑑𝑝 =
7
𝑑𝑝 =
7
𝑝 +𝐶
4. 𝑓 1 ± 𝑓2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 1 𝑑𝑥 ± 𝑓 2 𝑑𝑥
2 2
Illustrations: a) 5 + 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑑𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥
= 5 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥
1
= 5𝑥 − +𝐶
𝑥2
1 1
b) 𝑝+ 𝑑𝑝 = 𝑝𝑑 𝑝 + 𝑑𝑝
𝑝 𝑝
2 3
= 𝑝2 +2 𝑝+𝐶
3
BASIC THEOREMS OF INTEGRATION
Let: u, v, w - are integrable functions of x
1. 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑑 + 𝐶
2. 𝑢𝑘 = 𝑢𝑑 𝑘 = 𝑢𝑑𝑘 + 𝐶
3. 𝑢𝑑 + 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 − 𝑤 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑡
1. 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 7. 3
𝑡2
2. 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 7 𝑑𝑥 8. 5𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3 𝑑𝑥
3. 2𝑎2 𝑥 2 − 𝑏 3 2 𝑑𝑥 9. 𝑡 + 5𝑎 3 𝑑𝑡
1− 3 𝑦 7 3
4. 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 10. 3 − 4 𝑧 + 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
2𝑦 3 𝑧4
2 1
−5
5. 𝑦 − 4𝑦 3 + 4 𝑑𝑦 11. 𝜋 𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
3
6. 8𝑥 3 + 36𝑥 2 + 54𝑥 + 27𝑑𝑥 12. 𝑚 6 + 2 + 𝑚−6 𝑑𝑚