Definition & its

Classification
 Classification of lipids (examples)
SIMPLE LIPIDS COMPOUND LIPIDS DERIVED LIPIDS

TAG PHOSPHOLIPID CHOLESTEROL

WAXES SPHINGOLIPIDS STEROID HORMONES
Phosphosphingolipid FATTY ALDEHYDES
GLYCOLIPID KETONE BODIES
Cerebosides FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Gangliosides (ADEK)
Sulfatides EICOSANOIDS
LIPOPROTEINS Prostaglandin
Leukotriene
BILE ACIDS/SALTS
GLYCEROL
 Functions of Lipids
• Energy provision as ATP
• Building block
• Thermal Insulator
• Specialized functions
– Messenger/Signaling
– Bone strength
– Visual pigment
– Antioxidant
– Electron Transport Chain
 Simple fat have simple function
• They are neutral lipid
• Storage in adipose tissues
• Body contouring
• Insulation
• Store of energy
 Complex/Compound Lipids
• Esters of fatty acids with alcohol, containing
non-lipid Group (PO4, Nitrogenous base, or
sugar)

• Compound Lipids are Further Classified as:

1. PHOSPHO-LIPIDS
2. GLYCO-LIPIDS
3. PROTEO-LIPIDS (LIPO-PROTEINS)
4. SULPHO-LIPIDS
 PHOSPHOLIPIDS
1. Glycerophospholipids (Backbone is Glycerol)

• Phosphatidic acid is the parent compound for all

• PO4 with additional group form Polar head.

• 2 Fatty acids form non polar tail.
• Amphipathic molecule
 Types of Glycero-phospholipids

• depending upon the type of head alcohol Common

GPL are

1. Phosphotidyl Choline. (Lecithin)

1. Present in membrane, plasma, & bile
2. Forms component of cell membrane
3. Decrease surface tension of aqueous later of lung
4. Detergent property solubilize cholesterol in bile (Gall stone)
5. LCAT esterify cholesterol in HDL
2. Phosphotidyl Ethanol amine.(Cephalin)
1. Brain lipid
 Types of Glycero-phospholipids

3. Phosphotidyl Serine.
Apoptosis
4. Phosphotidyl Inositol
1. Precursor of Second Messengers
5. Phosphatidyl Glycerol.
6. Cardiolipin.
3. Mitochondrial Membranes
2. Sphingolipids (backbone is Sphingosine)
• Ceramide is the parent compound for
spingolipid.

• Amino alcohol (sphingosine)

• Fatty acid
GLYCOLIPIDS
 Ceramides + Sugar residue (β-glycosidic bond)
1. Cerebrosides
Glucosylcerebrosides
Ceramides + Glucose
Non neuronal accumilate in Liver (GAUCHER’S Disease)
Galactosylcerebrosides
Ceramides + Galactose
Neuronal tissues- White matter
Sulfatides
Ceramides + Galactose + Sulfate
Ceramides + Sugar residue (β-glycosidic bond)
2. Gangliosides
• Ceramides + branched oligosaccharides
• Have acidic sugar (Sialic Acid/NANA)
• Glc-Gal-GalNA-Gal ………………….GM1
NANA

• Glc-Gal-GalNA-Gal ………………….GM2
NANA

• Glc-Gal- ………………….GM3
NANA
• Oligosaccharide present on outer membrane
for receptor of GP hormones

• Gangliosides present in brain & liver

• TAY SACH’s disease occur B/o deposition of
gangliosides in brain (hexoseaminidase)
 BRAIN LIPIDS
• Caphalin
• Sphingomyelin
• Cerebresides (Galactosyl)
• Gangliosides
• Cholesterol

• 35% of the dry weight of brain

 III-LIPOPROTEINS
• Clusters of lipids
associated with
proteins that serve as
transport vehicles for
lipids in the lymph and
blood
Lipoproteins
• Distinguished by size and
density
• Each contains different
kinds and amounts of
lipids and proteins
– The more lipid, the lower
the density
– The more protein, the
higher the density
 Lipoproteins
• Chylomicrons
• VLDL – Very low density lipoprotein
• IDL – Intermediate density lipoprotein
• LDL – Low density lipoprotein
• HDL – High density lipoprotein
 Properties of Plasma Lipoproteins

Property Chylomicron VLDL IDL LDL HDL

Density <1.006 <1.006 1.006- 1.019- 1.063
(g/mL) 1.019 1.063 -1.21
Lipids 98 92 85 79 50
(%)
Protein 2 8 15 21 50
(%)
 Lipids (%) in Plasma Lipoproteins

Lipid Chylomicron VLDL IDL LDL HDL

Cholesterol 9 22 35 47 19

Triglyceride 82 52 20 9 3

Phospholipid 7 18 20 23 28
 Lipoproteins and cardiovascular
disease (CVD) risk
• LDL is positively associated with CVD
• HDL is negatively associated with CVD
 Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Cardio = heart, & Vascular = blood vessels

• General term for all diseases of the heart and

blood vessels
– Atherosclerosis is the main cause of CVD
• Atherosclerosis leads to blockage of blood
supply to the heart, damage occurs (coronary
heart disease, CHD)
LDL and atherosclerosis
 Recommended blood lipids
• Total cholesterol: <200 mg/dL (WHO-<150)
• LDL cholesterol: <130 mg/dL
• HDL cholesterol: >35 mg/dL
• Triglycerides: <200 mg/dL
 Effect of lipids on lipoproteins and CVD
risk
• Dietary cholesterol
– No effect on blood cholesterol
• Saturated fats
– Raise LDL
• Trans fats
– Raise LDL and lower HDL
• Monounsaturated fats
– Lowers LDL
• Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fats
– Lowers blood cholesterol
What is Cholesterol?
• Steroids are derived
lipids in which the basic
or principle structure is
Cyclopentano Perhydro
Phenanthrne Nucleus
• (CPPP Nucleus)
(Steroid Nucleus)
• Examples:
– Steroid hormones,
Vitamin D etc.
 Derived lipid (cholesterol)
• 27-C cyclic isoprene unit, derived from acetyl CoA

• Phenenthrene nucleus
• Cyclopentane ring
• OH gp at 3rd C
• Double bond at 5th position
• Aliphatic chain at C-17
• Methyl gp at C18,19.
 Cholesterol is white waxy compound

Widely distributed in almost all the tissues of the body

especially in brain, other nervous tissues, adrenals and liver.
Desirable Blood Cholesterol Levels
• Total cholesterol Less than 200 mg/dL
• LDL ("bad" cholesterol) Less than 100 mg/dL

• HDL ("good" cholesterol)40 mg/DL or higher

• Triglycerides Less than 150 mg/dL

 Important biological
functions Of Cholesterol
• One of the important members of
membrane lipids.
• Precursor of Steroids & Vitamin D.
• Forms Adrenal hormones
• Forms Bile acids and salts
• Relation with various diseases like:
– Hypertension
– Diabetes Mellitus
– Thyroid Diseases.
 Eicosanoids
• Porstanoids
– Prostaglandins (PGs)
– Prostacyclins (PGIs)
– Thromboxanes (TXs)
• Leukotrienes (LTs)
• Lipoxins (LXs)
 Eicosanoids Derivatives of the
Arachidonic acid

• Physiologically they are considered to act as

local hormones.
• Many of these compounds have profound
effects on smooth muscles, inflammation,
blood clotting and many other important
biological functions.
Prostaglandins Belong to a group of
20 Carbon fatty acids containing a 5
Carbon ring in their structure
• They are of interest because of their
extraordinary physiological and
biochemical effects on:
– Smooth muscles of many organs like
blood vessels, uterus, kidney, stomach.
– Adipose tissues.
• On the basis of difference in the chemical
structure various types of prostaglandins
are described, such as Pgα, Pgβ, Pg and so
Different types of prostaglandins have variety
of effects on different tissues

• Role on adipose tissues.

• Stimulation of inflammation.
• Role on kidney.
• On cardiovascular system.
• On respiratory system.
• Effects on platelet aggregation.
• On gastrointestinal tract.
• On female reproductive system.
• On central nervous system.
 Clinical Application of Prostaglandins in
Medical Practice

• To facilitate the labor or therapeutic

abortion.
• Contraception.
• Asthma.
• Management of blood pressure.
• Gastric ulcer.
• Prostaglandin inhibitors commonly used as
Analgesics (Pain killers)