MEMORY

Any system in human, animal or machine

that encodes, stores and retrieves
information.
INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL
A cognitive understanding of memory,
emphasizing how information is changed
when it is…
• Encoded
• Stored
• Retrieved
INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL
 ENCODING
It is the process of converting data from
one form to another. Encoding may be
image, audio,
INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL
 STORAGE
Involving the retention of encoded
material over time.
INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL
 RETREIVAL
The third basic task of memory, involving
the location and recovery of information
from memory.
STAGES OF MEMORY
 SENSORY MEMORY
Sensory information is stored in sensory
memory just long enough to be
transferred to short term memory.
A momentary flash of lighting
A sound of twig snapping
STAGES OF MEMORY
 WORKING MEMORY
Working memory or operative memory
can be defined as the set of processes
that allow us to store and manipulate
temporary information like:
Language, comprehension, reading,
learning or reasoning.
STAGES OF MEMORY
 SHORT-TERM MEMORY
Short term “primary or active” memory is
the capacity for holding but not
manipulating. A small amount of
information in mind in an active, readily
available for short period of time.
STAGES OF MEMORY
 LONG-TERM MEMORY
Through the process of association or
rehearsal, the content of short term
memory can become a long term memory.
Long term memory is anything you
remember that happened more than a few
minutes ago. Long term memories can last
for just few days, or for many years.
LONG TERM MEMORY MODULES
 DECLARATIVE MEMORY
Declarative memory “knowing what” is
memory of facts and events, and refers
to those memories that can be
consciously recalled or declared.
Memory for factual information names,
faces, dates and the like.
LONG TERM MEMORY MODULES
 PROCEDURAL MEMORY
Memory that is responsible for knowing
how to do things, it is for skills and
habits, procedural memory stores
information on how to perform certain
procedures such as walking, talking and
riding.
LONG TERM MEMORY MODULES
 SEMANTIC MEMORY
Memory that processes ideas and concepts
that are not drawn from personal
experience. Semantic memory includes that
are general knowledge such as the names of
colors, the sounds of letters, the capitals of
countries and other basic facts acquired
over a lifetime.
LONG TERM MEMORY MODULES
 EPISODIC OR AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY
Memory of autobiographical events (times,
places, associated emotions, and other
contextual who, what, when, where, why
knowledge). It is the collection of past
personal experiences that occurred at a
particular time and place.
RECALLING LONG-TERM MEMORIES
 RETRIEVAL CUES
Retrieval cues are stimuli that help you
access memories stored in long-term
memory and bring them to your conscious
awareness.
Recall memory task in which specific
information must retrieved.
RECALLING LONG-TERM MEMORIES
 TIPS OF THE TONGUE PHENOMENON
The tip of the tongue is a state in which
one cant quite recall a familiar word or
name but can recall words of similar
form and meaning.
Phenomenon’s comes from the saying!
“it’s on the tip of my tongue”
RECALLING LONG-TERM MEMORIES
 RECOGNITION
Recognition is the major component of
declarative memory that allows the
ability to realize that you have
encountered with clarity “recollection”
or sense of familiarity, the events,
objects, or people you have previously
encountered.
RECALLING LONG-TERM MEMORIES
 LEVELS OF PROCESSING
The theory of memory that emphasizes
the degree to which new material is
mentally analyzed.
RECALLING LONG-TERM MEMORIES
 EXPLICIT MEMORY
Explicit also called declarative memory.
It is the conscious, intentional
recollection of factual information,
previous experiences and concepts.
RECALLING LONG-TERM MEMORIES
 IMPLICIT MEMORY
Implicit memory is sometimes referred to as
unconscious memory or automatic memory.
Implicit memory uses past experiences to
remember things without thinking about
them. The performance of implicit memory
is enabled by previous experiences, no
matter how long ago those experiences
occurred.
RECALLING LONG-TERM MEMORIES
 PRIMING
Priming is a technique whereby exposure
to one stimulus influences a response to
a subsquent stimulus, without conscious
guidance or intention. The word NURSE
or DOCTOR than BREAD.
RECALLING LONG-TERM MEMORIES
 FLASH BULB MEMORY
In psychology these are called flash bulb
memories, which are memories of
learning something so shocking or
surprising that it creates a strong and
seemingly very accurate memory of
learning about the event but not the
event itself.
RECALLING LONG-TERM MEMORIES
 FLASH BULB MEMORY
In psychology these are called flash bulb
memories, which are memories of
learning something so shocking or
surprising that it creates a strong and
seemingly very accurate memory of
learning about the event but not the
event itself.