Ad Hoc Network

Institute of Technology(IOT)
Faculty of Informatics
Ad Hoc Network
 A wireless ad-hoc network is a
decentralized type of wireless network.
 The network is ad hoc because it does not
rely on a preexisting infrastructure, such as
routers in wired networks or access points
in managed (infrastructure) wireless
networks.

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 Ad hoc ...Cont
 Each node participates in routing by
forwarding data for other nodes, and so
the determination of which nodes
forward data is made dynamically based
on the network connectivity.

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 Ad hoc ...Cont
A mode of loosely connected networking
characterized by the following qualities:
 lack of fixed infrastructure
 peer-to-peer (all nodes act as routers)
 multi-hop routing
 frequent connection / topology changes

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 Ad hoc ...Cont

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 Ad hoc ...Cont

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 Ad hoc ...Cont
 Collection of wireless mobile nodes (devices)
dynamically forming a temporary network
without the use of any existing network
infrastructure or centralized administration
 An ubiquitous type of computing often
referred to as pervasive/invisible computing
 Ubiquitous: Present, appearing, or found
everywhere…
 Pervasive: Spread through or into every part
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 Ad hoc ...Cont
Complete Wireless Networks
 The physical size of the network is determined by the maximum reliable
propagation range of the radio signals.
 Are self-organizing networks without any centralized control
 Suited for temporary situations such as meetings and conferences.

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 Ad hoc (Peer to Peer) Network

Two PCs equipped with wireless adapter cards can be set up as

an independent network whenever they are within range of one
another.

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 Point-to-point (ad hoc) network

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 Peer to Peer Network
 Requires no administration or
configuration.
 Each client has access to only the resources
shared by the other client and not to a
central server.

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 Cellular and Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
 Depicted below ad hoc and cellular wireless networks.
• Infrastructure: cellular wireless networks
• Ad hoc: wireless sensor networks
• Hybrid: mesh networks

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 Comparisons between Cellular and Ad Hoc Wireless
Networks

Cellular Networks Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

Fixed infrastructure-based Infrastructureless
Guaranteed bandwidth (designed for Shared radio channel (more suitable for
voice traffic) best-effort data traffic)
Centralized routing Distributed routing
Circuit-switched (evolving toward Packet-switched (evolving toward
packet switching) emulation of circuit switching)
Seamless connectivity (low call drops Frequent path breaks due to mobility
during handoffs)
High cost and time of deployment Quick and cost-effective deployment
Reuse of frequency spectrum through Dynamic frequency reuse based on
geographical channel reuse carrier sense mechanism
Easier to employ bandwidth reservation Bandwidth reservation requires complex
medium access control protocols
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 Comparisons ….Cont
Cellular Networks
Application domains include mainly
civilian and commercial sectors
High cost of network maintenance
(backup power source, staffing, etc.)
Mobile hosts are of relatively low
complexity
Major goals of routing and call
admission are to maximize the call
acceptance ratio and minimize the call
drop ratio
Widely deployed and currently in the
third generation of evolution
Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
Application domains include battlefields,
emergency search and rescue operations,
and collaborative computing
Self-organization and maintenance
properties are built into the network
Mobile hosts require more intelligence
(should have a transceiver as well as
routing/switching capability)
Main aim of routing is to find paths with
minimum overhead and also quick
reconfiguration of broken paths
Several issues are to be addressed for
successful commercial deployment even
though widespread use exists in defense
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 Wireless Mesh Networks
 A Wireless Mesh Network is a mesh
network that is built upon wireless
communications and allows for continuous
connections and reconfiguration around
blocked paths by "hopping" from node to
node until a connection can be established.

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 Wireless Mesh….Cont

 In a wireless mesh network, multiple nodes cooperate to relay a message to its

destination. The mesh topology enhances the overall reliability of the network,
which is particularly important when operating in harsh industrial environments.
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 Wireless Mesh….Cont
 The investment required in wireless mesh networks is much less than in the
cellular network counterparts.
 Such networks are formed by placing wireless replaying equipment spread
across the area to be covered by the network.
 The possible deployment scenarios include:
• Residential zones (where broadband Internet connectivity is required)
• Highways (where a communication facility for moving automobiles is required)
• Business zones (where an alternate communication system to cellular networks is
required)
• Important civilian regions (where a high degree of service availability is required)
• University campuses (where inexpensive campus-wide network coverage can be
provided)

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 Wireless Mesh….Cont
 Wireless mesh networks should be capable of self-organization
and maintenance.
 Advantages
• High data rate
• Quick and low cost of deployment
• Enhanced services
• High scalability
• Easy extendability
• High availability
• Low cost per bit
• High availability
• Low cost per bit
 It operates at 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz
 Data18 rates of 2 Mbps to 60 Mbps can be supported. 1/17/2019
 Wireless Sensor Networks
 Wireless Sensor Networks are a special
category of ad hoc networks that are used to
provide a wireless communication
infrastructure among the sensors deployed in a
specific application domain.
 A sensor network is a collection of a large
number of sensor nodes that are deployed in a
particular region.

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 Sensor Networks – “Smart Dust” I

• thousands to millions of small

sensors form self-organizing
wireless networks
• consists of nodes, small battery
powered devices, that communicate
with a more powerful base station,
which in turn is connected to an
outside network.

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 Sensor Networks

 Nodes powered by non-rechargeable batteries

 Data flows to centralized location.
 Low per-node rates but up to millions of nodes (smart dust).
 Data highly correlated in time and space.
 Nodes can cooperate in transmission, reception, compression, and
signal processing.
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 Wireless Sensor Networks
 Distinct properties of wireless sensor networks:
• Mobility of nodes are not needed in all cases in wireless
sensor networks.
• The size of the network is much larger than that in a
typical ad hoc wireless network.
• The density of nodes in a sensor network varies with the
domain of application.
• The power constraints in sensor networks are much more
stringent than those in ad hoc wireless networks.

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 Wireless Sensor Networks
 Distinct properties of wireless sensor networks:
• The power source can be classified into three categories:
• Replenishable power resource
• Non- Replenishable power source
• Regenerative power source
• Data/information fusion aims at processing the sensed data at
the intermediate nodes and relaying the outcome to the monitor
node.
• The communication traffic pattern varies with the domain of
applications.

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 Hybrid Wireless Networks
 Hybrid Wireless Networks
• Multi-hop cellular networks (MCNs) allows the transmission through the
base stations or multi-hop of mobile nodes.
• Integrated cellular ad hoc relay (iCAR) is a system that combines
conventional cellular technology with Ad hoc Relay Station (ARS)
technology. In this system cellular stations will relay or reroute calls from the
congested cell to an adjacent one that is not congested.
 Advantages
• Higher capacity than cellular networks
• Increased flexibility and reliability in routing
• Better coverage and connectivity

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 Ad Hoc Network characteristics

 peer-to-peer  zero-administration
 multihop  low power
 dynamic  autonomous
 autoconfigured

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 Properties
 Requires devices to cooperate autonomously

 Without user intervention

 Rapid self-organizing wireless network

 Independent of infrastructure

 Heterogeneous & adaptive

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 Applications areas of Ad Hoc
 Earliest uses: military
 law enforcement
 emergency search-and-rescue teams
 business / commercial
 conventions / expos
 data acquisition

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 Some Implementation Choices
 Flat vs. hierarchical architecture
 proactive vs. reactive to topology changes
 table-based, demand-driven, associativity-driven
 topology change dissemination methods
 when/how often to exchange topology info
 assumptions about rate of change of topology and/or
quality of connections

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 Challenges Facing Ad Hoc
 Security
 scalability
 load balancing / etiquette between hosts
 QoS
 CPU/memory overhead
 effect on devices’ battery life

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 Issues in Protocol Design
 Must run in distributed environment
 must provide loop-free routes
 must be able to find multiple routes
 must establish routes quickly
 must minimize overhead in its communication / reaction to
topology change

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 Problems of Ad hoc
 Communication is only possible between nodes which are
directly in range of each other

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 Problems for both Infrastructure and
Ad hoc Mode
 If nodes move out of range of the access
point (Infrastructure Mode)
 OR nodes are not in direct range of each
other (Ad Hoc Mode)
 Then communication is not possible!!

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