CHAPTER 1

STIMULI AND
RESPONSES
The Brain
Voluntary and Involuntary action
 1.2 STIMULI AND
RESPONSES IN HUMAN
The Human Eye
Most people see the red,
Closer than the blue.
Others see the opposite.
How about you?
The Human Eye

 Your eyes are about to get a workout. Have

you stretched your eye muscles yet?
 No? Then do that now!
Are you seeing spots?
Look at the cross for 10 seconds. What do you see?
Are these lines
bent….?
…or straight?
What shapes do you see?
Do you see the rabbit or the duck?
The Human Eye
Structure & Function

 IRIS
 coloured part of eye
 controls light entering

 PUPIL
 black hole in iris
 where light enters
IRIS
(colored part)
 colored part of eye
 controls light
entering

The iris is a
colored, circular
muscle
controls the amount of
light entering the eye
PUPIL (black hole)
 black hole in iris
 where light enters

Pupil size is
controlled by
iris muscles
the hole where light enters
into the eye
 THE EYE: PUPIL
When the eye
needs more light
to enter (when it is
dark), the pupils
get larger; allowing
more light to enter
the eye
 THE EYE: PUPIL
When the eye
needs less light to
enter (when it is
very bright), the
pupils get smaller;
allowing less light to
enter the eye
Structure & Function
 SCLERA
 whites of the eye
 supports eyeball
 provides attachment
for muscles

 LENS
 converging lens
 allows us to see
objects near and far
SCLERA – a tough white skin
(made of tissue) that covers all of
the eyeball except the cornea.

SCLERA
(white part)
 whites of the eye
 supports eyeball
 provides
attachment for
muscles
supports
eyeball and
provides
attachment
for muscles
LENS
(lens behind pupil)
 converging lens
 allows us to see objects
near and far
allows us to see
objects near and
far
Structure & Function
 CORNEA
 transparent bulge over
pupil
 focuses light (refracts)
onto retina

 RETINA
 internal membrane
 contain light-receptive
cells (rods & cones)
 converts light to electrical
signal
CORNEA
(clear lens in front
of eye)
 transparent covering of
the front of the eye
 Allows for the passage of
light into the eye and
functions as a fixed lens.
allows for the
passage of light into
the eye and it also
focuses the light
RETINA
 internal membrane
 contains light-receptive
cells (rods and cones)
 converts light to electrical
signals
converts light
waves to
electrical signals
Blind Spot

 On retina where optic

nerve leads back into
the brain
 No rod or cone cells
 Other eye compensates
for this area
 Try this test to prove
you have a blind spot…
Close left eye and approach screen while
staring at the letters…watch the dot!
Structure & Function

OPTIC NERVE
 Transmits electrical
impulses from retina to
the brain
 Creates blind spot

 Brain takes inverted

image and flips it so we
can see
OPTIC NERVE
 Transmits electrical impulses
from retina to the brain
 Creates blind spot
 Brain takes inverted image
and flips it so we can see
Transmits electrical
signals from retina to
the brain
Structure & Function
 RODS
 120 million cells
 detect brightness
(black & white)
 for night vision
 CONES
 6 million cells
 detect colour (RGB)
 GANGLION CELLS
 Detect movement and
patterns
 Normal Eye Focus

“Blind spot”
BLIND SPOT
• On retina where optic
nerve leads back into the
brain
• No rod or cone cells
• Other eye compensates
for this area
 Small spot on the
back of the retina
 Other eye
compensates for
this area

• Try this test to prove you

have a blind spot…
“Relaxed”
 Know the parts of the eye and their functions

1 7
2
5
11
3
cornea
10
8

9 4
6
© SaveTeachersSundays.com 2015
THE
HUMAN
EAR

http://www.a3bs.com/3d_models.html
 What do you hear?
• Did you hear something? Maybe the sound
you heard was as quiet as your cat licking
her paws. Or maybe it was loud, like a
siren going by.
• Sounds are everywhere, and you have two
cool parts on your body that let you hear
them all: your ears!
• No matter where we go, sound waves are
all around us.
 Human
• It has two
ear
functions
-one is hearing
-maintaining the
balance of the
body or
equilibrium
 Ear
1. The ear is the sensory organ for hearing.
2. Responds to sound stimuli.
 The Human Ear

Outer Middle Inner

- Pinna - ossicles -Cochlea

- ear canal - oval window - semicircular
(filled with canals
air) - Eustachian tube. - auditory nerve
- eardrum (filled with air) (contain fluid)
PARTS OF THE EAR
THE HUMAN EAR IS DIVIDED
INTO THREE SECTIONS.
THE OUTER
EAR
 Picture a satellite dish
that collects radio waves.
 The outer ear is similar!

 The curved formation on

the outside ( the pinna)
helps funnel sound down
the ear canal to the
eardrum.
THE MIDDLE EAR
 The middle
ear transfers
the energy
of a sound
wave by
vibrating the
three bones
found there.
THE INNER
EAR

 Twomain
parts:
 Cochlea
 Auditory
Nerve
COCHLEAR HAIR CELLS
 These tiny
hairs bend
because of
the
vibrations
caused by
the sound
waves.
 PART STRUCTURE FUNCTION
Outer ear - Made of - Collects and
(a) Pinna cartilage and skin directs sound
waves into the ear
canal
(b) Ear -A narrow passage - Directs sound
canal - Walls near the towards the ear
outside of the ear drum
covered with fine
hairs
-Leads to the ear
drum
 PART STRUCTURE FUNCTION
Middle - A thin membrane - Vibrates when
ear sound
(a) Ear waves reach it
drum
(b) - Three small bones - Amplifies and
Ossicles called transmits
the hammer- vibrations of the
bone, anvil- ear drum
bone and stirrup- to the membrane
bone. covering
the oval window
 PART STRUCTURE FUNCTION

(c) Oval - A small - Transmits

window opening vibrations from
covered by a middle ear to
membrane inner ear
(d) - A narrow tube - Balances air
Eustachian - Connects the pressure on both
tube middle ear with sides of ear drum so
the throat that the ear drum
cam vibrate
freely
 PART STRUCTURE FUNCTION
Inner ear - Coiled structure - Changes sound
(a) - Filled with fluid vibrations to
Cochlea - Inner wall contain nerve impulses
receptors
sensitive to
vibrations
(b) - Nerve fibres that - Transmits impulse
Auditory connect from
nerve receptors in the receptors in the
cochlea to cochlea to
the brain the brain
 PART STRUCTURE FUNCTION
(c) Semi- - Three - Involved in
circular semicircular maintaining the
canals canals positioned body balance
at right angles to - Not involved in
each other hearing
- Contains sensory
cells and fluid
 The Hearing Mechanism

The pinna catches Impulses interpreted by

sound waves and the brain as sound
directs the sound
waves to the ear

Nerve impulses carried

by the auditory nerve to
The ear drum vibrates the brain
when the sound
waves strike it

Vibrations of the
The
membrane of the oval
membrane
Vibrations amplified window causes the
of the oval
and transferred by fluid in the cochlea to
window
the ossicles to the move in waves and
vibrates
membrane of the stimulate receptors
oval window that produce nerve
impulses

Figure 4. How we hear