Gis-4 2015

WFM 6202: Remote Sensing and GIS in Water
WFM 6202: Remote Sensing and GIS in Water Management © Dr. Akm Saiful Islam
Management
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Lecture 4
Geo-Spatial Database and Geo-
Database of ArcGIS
Dr. A.K.M. Saiful Islam

Institute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM)
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)
December, 2015
What is a geographical
Database?
• Spatial databases provide structures for storage and
analysis of spatial data
• Spatial data is composed of objects in multi-dimensional
space
• Storing spatial data in a standard database would require
excessive amounts of space
• Queries to retrieve and analyze spatial data from a standard
database would be long.
• Spatial databases provide much more efficient storage,
retrieval, and analysis of spatial data
Needs
• Need better ways to represent, understand, manage,
and communicate our natural world
What is a geographical
Database? –cont.
• A spatial database is an ORDBMS that has the ability to store,
query, manipulate and analyze spatial data as well as traditional
data formats
• It offers spatial data types/data models/ query language
– Structure in space: e.g., POINT, LINE, REGION
– Relationships among them: (ex:intersects)
• It provides spatial indexing (retrieving objects in particular area
without scanning the whole space).
• It provides efficient algorithms for spatial joins .
• SDBMS is mainly used for vector format.
• It defines data types for points, lines, polygons, multipoint,
multiline, and multipoloygon
Concept of Spatial Database

• A spatial database is defined as a collection of inter-
related geospatial data, that can handle and maintain a
large amount of data which is shareable between
different GIS applications.
• Required functions of a spatial database are as follows.

- consistency with little or no redundancy.
- maintenance of data quality including updating
- self descriptive with metadata.
- high performance by database management system
with database language.
- security including access control.
Design of Spatial Database

The design of spatial database will be made by
the database manager who is responsible for
the following issues:
 definition of database contents

 selection of database structure
 data distribution to users
 maintenance and updating control
 day-to-day operation
Properties of geographic data

• Has location
– Location is a special kind of key (i.e. list of values) how is it handled?
• Multidimensional
– Directional, topological relationships, how is it formalized
• Scale-dependent
– Spatial versus Geographic
• Its occurrence is spatially autocorrelated
– Tobler’s first law of geography
• Not well captured by precise description
– Uncertainty should be formalized
• Some geographic phenomena are continuous
– Object-view wouldn’t fit well
• Some geographic phenomenon is closely associated with temporal
changes
– event, process, moving object
Geographic data need special treatment indeed!

Database Design Parameters
The following parameters should be well designed.
• storage media
Volume, access speed and on line service should be
considered.
• partition of data
Choice of administrative boundaries, map sheets, watersheds
etc. will be made in consideration of GIS applications
• standards
Format, accuracy and quality should be standardized.
• change and updating
Add, delete, edit and update should be well controlled by the
database manager.
• scheduling
Data availability, priorities, data acquisition etc. should be well
scheduled.
• security
Copyright, back up system and responsibilities should be well
managed.
Partition of Spatial Data

Evolution of Database model

• File systems
• Network DBMS
• Hierarchical DBMS
• Relational DBMS
• Object-oriented DBMS
• Object-relational DBMS
Relational Model
Student Table
• Based on two important
Student Name CourseID
concepts: ID
1 Mr. X 001
– Key of relation - one to
one, one to many, many 2 Mr. X 002
to many
3 Mr. Y 003
Course table
– Primary attribute –
which can’t be duplicate Cour Title Cre
seID dit
Student Course 001 RS & GIS in WM 3

Table * * Table 002 Watershed Hydrology 3
Many to Many relationship 003 Risk Management 3
Relational Database
• Relational database is the most popular model for GIS. For example,
the following relational database softwares are widely used.
• - INFO in ARC/INFO
- DBASE III for several PC-based GIS
- ORACLE for several GIS uses
• In a relational model, the following two important concepts should be
defined.
• Key of relation ; a subset of attributes

Unique identification ; e.g. the key attributes is a phone directory in a
set of last name, first name and address.
• non redundancy ; any key attribute selected and tabulated should keep
the key's uniqueness. e.g. address can not be dropped from telephone
address, because there may be many with the same names.
• Prime attribute : an attribute listed in at least one key.

The most important point of the relational database design is to build a
set of key attributes with a prime attribute, so as to allow dependence
between attributes as well as to avoid loss of general information when
records are inserted or deleted.
Structural Query Language
(SQL)
• SQL is used to perform query in relations databases.
• For example, find the name of the student who took more
than or equal to 6 credit hour in this term
SELECT Student.Name, Course.Credit

FROM Student, Course
WHERE Student.CourseID = Course.CourseID
AND Credit >= 6
• The answer is :
Mr. X 6
Find the relationship between this
two tables in the BUET Library

Book Table
ISBN Title Author

050 Applied David
Hydrology Maidmen
060 Irrigation Cheng
One to one
Many to Many
Borrow Table One to Many
ID Name ISBN
?
1 Mr. P 050
2 Mr. Q 060
3 Mr. R 070
Table to relational database

Normalization of an Un-normalized
Advantage of Relational Database

 Advantages
 there is no redundancy.
 type of building of an owner can be changed without destroying
the relation between type and rate.
 a new type of building for example "Clay" can be inserted. (row
insert is easy).
 Disadvantages
 Require a number of tables and relationship
 Its difficult to add a new column in the table.
4. Object Oriented Model
BUET
Part of
Part of
Departments Institutes
Is a Is a Is a
CE URP DCE IWFM AIT

WRE
Is a = Inheritance
Attributes: Faculty, Staff, Students
Part of = association
Object Oriented Database

• An Object Oriented model uses functions to model spatial and
non-spatial relationships of geographic objects and the
attributes.
• An object is an encapsulated unit which is characterized by

attributes, a set of orientations and rules. An object oriented
model has the following characteristics.
• generic properties : there should be an inheritance

relationship.
• abstraction : objects, classes and super classes are to be

generated by classification, generalization, association and
aggregation.
• adhoc queries : users can order spatial operations to obtain

spatial relationships of geographic objects using a special
language.
Example of Object Oriented Model

Object based vector data model

• It treats spatial data as object. An object can represent
a spatial feature such as a road or a hydrologic unit.
• Object based database differ from relational database in

two important aspects:
– 1. It stores both spatial and attribute data in a single
system rather than an split system.
– 2. it allows spatial feature (object) to be associated
with a set of properties and methods. A property
describes an attribute or characteristics of an object.
A method performs a specific action.
What is object-Relational DBMS?

• Add OO-ness to tables
• All persistent (database) information is still in
tables, but some of the tabular entries can have
richer data structure, that is ADTs
• ORDBMS supports an extended form of SQL
• Potential for mapping spatial concepts
• For example, Oracle 8i implements spatial data
types and spatial operators
Data types and models
point region
line
Spatial Data types:
• Point : object represented only by its location in
space
• Line : representation of moving through or
connections in space
• Region : representation of an extent in 2d-space
Introduction to ArcGIS
• Spatial Visualization & G.I.S.

• What is ArcGIS?
• Easy Mapping Techniques Using ArcGIS
CSSCR Back-to-School
Seminar, Fall 2009
|Spatial
Spatial Visualization & G.I.S.
Visualization
‘How to say what to whom, and is it
effective?’
Source: Kraak and Brown, 2001

Seminar, Fall 2009
|G.I.S.
• Geographic Information
System (G.I.S.) if taken as
a system, involves the
hardware, software,
peoples and the procedure
in spatial data visualization,
management,
representation and analysis
(NCGIA Core Curriculum in GIS, 2009)
Source: ESRI
Seminar, Fall 2009
|Geospatial
Database
MAP DATABASE
column row
vector raster t.i.n.*

Point Cell Triangle
Line
Polygon
*T.I.N. (Triangulated Irregular Network)

What is ArcGIS? |Software
Background
• ArcGIS is the ‘hegemonic’ G.I.S. software
program; developed & distributed by ESRI
ArcGIS editions
ArcView ArcEditor ArcInfo

Standard Professional Enterprise
Increasing product price
Seminar, Fall 2009
What is ArcGIS? |Software
Background
ArcGIS Interfaces
ArcCatalog ArcMap ArcToolbox

•Contains a set of
•Organization of •Create, Edit,
handy tools
GIS files Manipulate,
Analyze & Query •Analysis,
•Creation, GIS data Conversion &
Preview, Open Data Mgt Tools
GIS data files
Seminar, Fall 2009
|Exploring ArcMap
What is ArcGIS?
• Loading, Arranging & Exploring Attributes of

Layers
• Zoom & Pan
• Selection Features: Selecting, Identifying and
Finding Features
Loading, Arranging and Exploring Layer
Attributes
• Add Data toolbar
• Layer = map + attribute

• Sorting Layers
• Open Attribute table
• Change Layer Properties
Seminar, Fall 2009
Scale
• Tool toolbar
Zoom & Pan

Change Map
• Zoom, Pan and
Zoom & Pan
Selection Features: Selecting, Identifying
and Finding Features
• Select Feature Tool

– Zoom to Selected Features
– Statistics
– Clear Selected Features
• Identify Feature Tool
• Find Toolbar
Finding Features
Easy Mapping Techniques Using ArcGIS|Loading A
Map
 With ArcMap
Open, click the
Add Data
toolbar
 Search for the
shapefiles (.shp)
in the folders
you created
earlier and click
Add
Seminar, Fall 2009
Easy Mapping Techniques Using ArcGIS|Querying
With the layer,

dtl_cnty
checked, go to:
Selection >Select
By Attributes
Query the
attributes (see
illustration)
CSSCR Back-to-School Seminar, Fall 2009

Easy Mapping Techniques Using ArcGIS|Selecting &
Creating Layers Out of Selection
Selected features
(counties of
Washington
State) are
highlighted
Create a new
layer out of the
selected features
(see illustration)
Easy Mapping Techniques Using ArcGIS|Creating
Shapefiles
Create a new
shapefile out of
the layer (see
illustration) & make
sure to create your
desired .shp
filename in your
folder (for easy access)
Add the new
shapefile using
Add Data toolbar
Easy Mapping Techniques Using ArcGIS|Creating A
Choropleth Map
Choropleth maps are
thematic maps in which
areal units are shaded in
proportion to measurement
of variable (e.g. population
density)
Right Click Layer of
interest and Select
Properties
Easy Mapping Techniques Using ArcGIS|Creating A
Choropleth Map
 With Layer Properties opened, go to Symbology and then select:
Quantities > Field (POP05_SQMI) > OK
 A choropleth map showing population density (2005) per county
within Washington State is shown
CSSCR Back-to-School Seminar, Fall 2009

Easy Mapping Techniques Using ArcGIS|Adding Fields
and Calculating new variables
 Examine Table Attributes of

your created shapefile
 Let us say we are interested to
see the spatial distribution of
proportion of blacks per
county in Washington State
 We can create a new
attribute(variable) (say,
variable name, pblack) for this
by using the formula:
pblack=black/pop2000
 We first add a new

field
 Open attribute table
 Right Click and
Select ‘Add Field’
 With the Add Field window

open, fill-out variable
specifics (name = pblack, type
= double)
 Right click the new variable,
pblack, and click Field
Calculator
 With the Field Calculator
window open, calculate the
values (see illustration)
Easy Mapping Techniques Using ArcGIS|Map Layout

History of ArcGIS
Arc/INFO (Unix)
1969 1982 1989 PC Arc/INFO (DOS + Windows)
Jack Dangermond
founds ESRI
1992
ArcView + Arc/INFO
1999 ArcGIS v.8.0

(to v8.3)
2002
ArcView 3.3
“retired product”
2004 2008
ArcGIS v.9.0 ArcGIS v.9.
48
Overview of Applications
ArcGIS Server
ArcGIS Engine
ArcSDE
ArcObjects
ArcIMS
ArcGIS Desktop
ArcReader ArcGIS Mobile

ArcGIS Explorer ArcPad
49
Overview of ArcGIS Desktop

• ArcGIS Desktop has three levels of
licensing:
• ArcView
– Mapping + geoprocessing + data management
• ArcEditor
– ArcView + additional editing + additional
geoprocessing
• ArcInfo
– ArcEditor + advanced geoprocessing +
extensive database management + high-end
cartography
50
Overview of ArcGIS Desktop

• ArcGIS Desktop has three levels of
licensing:
• ArcView
– Mapping + geoprocessing + data management
• ArcEditor
– ArcView + additional editing + additional
geoprocessing
• ArcInfo
– ArcEditor + advanced geoprocessing +
extensive database management + high-end
cartography
51
ArcGIS Desktop Components
• ArcCatalog
• ArcMap
• ArcToolbox
• Extensions
• 3D Analyst, Spatial Analyst, Network Analyst,
Geostatistical Analyst, Crime Analyst, ArcGIS
Schematics, Business Analyst, PLTS, Data
Interoperability, Tracking Analyst, ArcGIS
Publisher, Survey Analyst, ArcScan (included with
ArcEditor license), Maplex (included with Arcinfo
license)
http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/about/desktop
_extensions.html
52
http://support.esri.com/index.cfm?fa=software.exte
ntions
Data Models - 1
• How we represent real
world spatial phenomena
• Two main models:
• Vector
– Points (single x,y coordinate)
– Lines (strings of x,y coordinates)
– Polygons (closed string of x,y
coordinates)
• Raster
– A grid of (often) square-shaped cells
– Individual cells together are used to
create a layer of points, lines and
areas
53
Data Models - 2
– Other models:
• Surfaces for 3D visualisation
• Networks (geometric, transportation)
54
ESRI Data Formats

• Coverages (vector) and GRIDs (raster)
– Consists of two folders:
• name of coverage or grid
• INFO directory
• Shapefiles
• Geodatabases
Examples of coverages in Windows File Explorer
55
Shapefiles
<filename>.shp stores the spatial or feature information
<filename>.dbf dBASE file contains attribute information about the

spatial features
<filename>.shx stores the index of the features
<filename>.sbn stores the spatial index of features
<filename>.sbx also stores information pertaining to the spatial

index of features
<filename>.prj contains projection information

Geodatabases
• Core ArcGIS data model
• A comprehensive model for representing and managing geographic data
• Personal Geodatabase
• Single user editing / multiple readers
• Stored in MS Access
• Size limit of 2 GB ArcGIS
• File Geodatabase
• Single user editing / multiple readers
• 1 TB per table ArcSDE
• Reduced storage requirements

• ArcSDE Geodatabase
Personal File ArcSDE
• Stored in an Enterprise DBMS Geodatabase Geodatabase Geodatabase
• Supports multiuser editing via versioning Oracle
• Requires ArcEditor or ArcInfo to edit SQL Server
DB2
Informix
PostgreSQL
ArcCatalog
• these formats are comprised of many files so you need a GIS data
management system
The ArcCatalog Interface

1 Title bar 4 Standard toolbar
2 Location 5 Dockable toolbars

toolbar
3 Metadata
toolbar
6 Catalog
Tree
(navigation)
7 Geography Preview Mode
59
Catalog Tree
• Icons identify data types
• Right-click of a context menus
• Supports drag, drop, copy, paste
• Displays folder connections
• Displays other connections
• ArcSDE databases
• Web servers (internal, ESRI)
Context
menu
60
Contents Tab
Different Views –
61
Preview - Geography
62
Preview - Table View
63
Metadata View
64
Management tasks
• Copy, paste, delete, rename data
• Move to other locations
• Create new objects
• Connect to folders
65
Searching for Data

• Edit  Search
• can search for geography or metadata
• can search using different parameters
• Name + physical location
• Geography
• Date
66
ArcCatalog Options
• Tools  Options
• Manage ArcCatalog’s
content and behaviour
• Add new file types (e.g.
ppt)
• Set font characteristics
for tables
• Set geoprocessing
environment
• Set metadata defaults
67
Metadata
• Descriptive information about data
• Content
• Quality
• Condition
• Origin
• Other characteristics
– But do you really need it?
• All GIS resources need metadata
– Spatial data
– Non-spatial data
68
Metadata in ArcCatalog
• one-stop shop for all your metadata needs
• can create metadata for anything visible in
the catalog
• ArcCatalog has the tools for working with it
• ToolsOptions Metadata tab
• Metadata toolbar for working with metadata
69
Metadata Components
• Documentation: metadata
elements the user can edit
• Abstract
• Purpose
• Use constraints
• Etc.
• Properties: elements that
update automatically
• Names and types of attributes
• Coordinate system information 70
• Bounding coordinates
Metadata Standards
• GEMINI v.2.1 is the UK metadata standard
(Oct 2007)
• based on ISO19115
• to meet the requirements for metadata of the
EU INSPIRE Directive
71
http://www.gigateway.org.uk/metadata/standards.html
Create and update metadata

• Automatically
• Created first time an item’s metadata is viewed
• Updated whenever metadata is viewed in
metadata tab
• Edit metadata button
• Manually
• Tools  Options  Metadata tab
• Create / Update metadata button 72
• Choose your stylesheet here
Metadata Editor
73
More Information on Metadata

• Sample code or custom applications to
automate metadata production from the
ESRI Developer Network
• http://edn.esri.com – find resources for
ArcGIS 9.2 and prior and in Code
Exchange, enter “metadata”)
• Metadata SpellChecker
• Edit Metadata in ArcMap
• Create Metadata for All in Folder
• Metadata Quick Editor (executable file) 74
• Template Exporter
In Summary
•ArcCatalog allows you to:

• Browse, manage and find spatial data
• Record, view and manage metadata
• Search for GIS data on local drives,
networks and the Web
• Define, import and export geodatabases
and other datasets
• Create and manage the schemas of
geodatabases
• Administer ArcSDE geodatabases
75
• Administer an ArcGIS server

•Hands-on Exercise #1
An Introduction to ArcCatalog
76
The ArcMap Interface

4 Standard
Toolbar
3 Main Menu Toolbar
5 Tools
Toolbar
1 Table of
Contents
2 Map Display
6 Drawing
Toolbar
77
Adding Layers
• Use the Add Data button
• Search for data in ArcCatalog and slide the data into ArcMap
78
Right-click: Context Menu
79
Tools Toolbar
Zoom in Zoom out

Zoom in to a fixed extent Zoom out to a fixed extent
Pan Go to full extent
Go to previous extent Go to next extent
Select features Clear selected features
Select elements Identify
Find Go to X-Y coordinate
Measure Hyperlink
80
First Generation
Storage/Linking
AS400
Database
Access
Database
Tabular Data Spatial Data
•Tabular/Spatial data is linked outside the database

•Links occur using unique IDs….Parcel Numbers
•Storage is still in separate locations
Second Generation Storage/Linking
Geodatabases
Tabular Data
Spatial Data
•Tabular/Spatial data is stored/linked in a single location!!

Benefits of a GeoDatabase
o Spatial & attribute data integrity
o Intelligent Behavior
o Centralized Data Storage
o Increased Performance
o Advanced Analysis Capabilities
o Multi-user editing (SDE format)

Benefits of Migrating to a
Geodatabase
Data Integrity
• Maintain tabular
data more efficiently
– Reduce typological
data errors
• Maintain spatial data

more efficiently
– Reduce spatial errors
Pro-West & Associates

What is a Geodatabase?
• A spatial and
attribute data
container Relational Database - A
method of structuring data as
– Relational database collections of tables that are
management system
logically associated to each
(RDBMS)
other by shared attributes. Any
– Maintains data integrity data element can be found in a
– Apply Rules and Behavior relation by knowing the name of
the table, the attribute (column)
• Native data format name, and the value of the
for ArcGIS primary key.
2 Types of Geodatabase
• Personal Geodatabase
– Stand alone PC, MS Access database
– Supports individual and small groups on
moderate size datasets
• Enterprise Geodatabase
– Exists on underlying RDBMS through Spatial
Database Engine (SDE) e.g. SQL Server
– Usually runs on a dedicated server
– Supports many users and massive datasets
– Supports raster datasets
Two types of GeoDatabases
• Personal
– Access
• Multi-user
– SDE
GIS SDE SQL

View/Anal Interpret Data
yze er Stora
ge
The Personal Geodatabase
It’s not Scary!
• Stores spatial and tabular

data in an Access database
format
• Sets the stage for future

SDE geodatbase migration
• Edit in ArcView, ArcEditor or

ArcInfo
Geodatabase Features
Feature Dataset
• Contains
Topology
tables, feature
classes,
feature Feature Classes
datasets,
topology
rules, etc. Tables
Geodatabase Elements
Geodatabase
Feature data set
Geometric network
Feature class
Relationship class
Table
Annotation class
GeoDatabase (GDB) structure

• Stores
– Feature datasets
– Feature classes
– Tables
– Raster
– More
• A unique structure within the GDB
Feature Dataset
• Contains Feature
Classes
– Must have same
coordinate system
• Required for
Topology
– Behavior
relationships
between feature
classes.
GDB Objects: Feature Dataset

• A collection of feature classes
– Environment for spatial reference
– Environment for topology
– Environment for coincident geometry and linked
annotation
– Feature classes inherit spatial reference
• Data loaded are
projected on the fly,
if necessary
Feature Class
• Stores a single
feature type
– Point, Line, Polygon
• Can be standalone
or member of a
Feature dataset
Feature Dataset
Feature Class
Stand Alone
GDB Objects: Feature Class (FC)

• A collection of features
– Each feature class has one geometry type (point,
multi-point, line, polygon)
• Can be stored in a
feature dataset or
‘stand-alone’
• Attributes are
stored with
coordinate data
in one table
A
Spatial Reference
Coordinate domain
• Extent of available
coordinates
– Min and max X,Y coordinates
– Precision = storage units per
map unit
• Example, 1000 mm per meter
• Make sure it covers study
area
– Allow for growth
• ArcCatalog default
– Import: data plus room for
growth
• Set your own
– Import from existing data
– Type in extent for study area 2.14 billion storage units
Domain
• A property of a feature dataset or feature
class (cannot change once set)
Domains
• Spatial
• Attribute
– Range of values (e.g., 0-100)
– Coded values (e.g., 1 = potatoes 2 = wheat)
The Spatial Domain

• The Geodatabase stores all geometry
coordinates as positive integers
– Faster Display, Processing, and Analysis
– Better Compression (DBMS only)
– Efficient for managing topologic relationships
• Limited to 2,147,423,647 storage units.

– 2.14x109 meters, or miles, or inches, or ...
Accuracy and Precision

• Accuracy in the Data
– Scale of source map scale will determine accuracy*
• 1:600 (1”=50’) ± 1.7 feet
• 1:1,200 (1”=100’) ± 3.33 feet
• 1:2,400 (1”=200’) ± 6.67 feet
• 1:4,800 (1”=400’) ± 13.33 feet
• 1:24,000 ± 40.00 feet
– Precision
• Ability to store the accuracy
– Significant digits
» Single precision 6-7 precise digits
» Double precision 13-14 precise digits
» Geodatabase 0-10 precise digits
Example: Spatial Domain

• All GIS Features Must Fit Within this
Positive, 32-bit Integer Space.
2,147,423,647
2,147,423,647
The Database’s
0 Spatial Domain
0
OFF LIMITS
Standard Fields
• Feature classes have default fields
– ObjectID – unique identifier
– Shape – contains coordinates of feature
– Area – automatically calculated and maintained for polygons
• Shape_Area (Personal GDB)
– Length – automatically calculated and maintained for lines
and polygons
• Shape_Length (Personal GDB)
Spatial Reference
• Property of a feature class or feature dataset
• Components
– Coordinate system
– Coordinate domain
• Permanent after definition is saved
– Warning: it may look like you changed the coordinate
system, but you can’t and don’t try. It messes things
up!
• See next slide for more information
Storing Feature Coordinates

Two important considerations when storing
feature coordinates in a Geodatabase:
1. All data is stored as positive, 32-bit

integers (Spatial Domain)
2. All data must maintain a Coordinate

Precision.
Coordinate Precision
• The geodatabase converts all coordinates
into 32-bit Storage Units.
• Storage Units are the smallest

measurable unit that can be stored in a
Geodatabase.
• Precision is used to convert coordinate

system units into storage units.
Example: Coordinate Precision

• Precision is a Scale Factor
– Used to preserve decimal places before
rounding
– Larger precision preserves more digits
X = 123.456789 Floating Point
Precision =1000 Coordinate in ArcGIS
(123.456000)
Multiply by Precision Divide by Precision
123.456789 × 1000 123456 ÷ 1000
Integer Storage Unit

in a Geodatabase
(123456)
Example: Precision Preservation
Coordinate System Units

Storage Units =
Precision
Coordinate
system units ÷ Precision = Storage units
Meters 100 1 cm
Meters 1000 1 mm
Meters 50 2 cm
Feet 12 1 inch
Topology Objects
• Maintain data integrity

– Within feature class
– Between feature class
• Feature Dataset required
• Functionality • Regarding map features,
topology is relationship
– Display Topology between features
Errors connectivity and
adjacency.
– Select and Correct • Geodatabase topology
Errors provides tools to ensure
integrity of spatial data.
– Validation
Selected Topology Rules
• 25 available
topology
rules
• 2 Rules
currently
applied
– Must Not
Overlap
– Must Not
Have Gaps
File Management
• Compacting the
Personal
Geodatabase
– Reduces file size
• Procedure
– In ArcCatalog, right
click on the .mdb file
– Select the Compact
Database option in
the context menu
Reference Data Locations
• Proscribed by the Standard for

Geospatial Dataset File Naming
– http://dlnt20.fsa.usda.gov/scdm/DP/Parent3.htm
• Standard folder structure on shared f: drive
• Geodata – top level geospatial data folder
• Local Geodata Administrators have authority
to create, delete, and change folders, but
only as outlined in the standards document.
Data Management File Naming
Standards
• The current standard has 23 common
geospatial dataset categories such as soils
that consist of 1 or more geospatial datasets.
<disk drive>:
geodata
plants <geospatial dataset category (directory / folder)>
soils <geospatial dataset category (directory / folder)>

soil_a_ks057 <geospatial dataset>
soil_p_ks057 <geospatial dataset>
soil_l_ks057 <geospatial dataset>
topographic_images <geospatial dataset category (directory / folder)>

Data Management File
Naming Standards cont.

• Elements of a file name
Location: Alpha
soil_a_ks057 or numeric FIPS
code
Feature
category Feature type: a-polygon, l-line,
p-point, t-table, i-image, etc.
A geospatial dataset file name should:

• be less than 30 characters long
• consist of lower case a-z and numerals 0-9
• first character always a-z
Data Storage and Backup
• Shared data in a service center must be on the f: drive.

• Personal data can be stored on the c: drive or h: drive.
– c: drive is not routinely backed up.
– h: drive should contain important working files
that can be routinely backed up.
• Local Geodata Administrators are responsible for
ensuring backups are routinely being made of specific
directories.
– Large, easily replaced datasets should not be
routinely backed up because they can be obtained
again.
– Files and directories that change regularly should
be routinely backed up.
GDB Design
• A critical step
• UML modeling for
ArcGIS
– IBM Rational Rose
– MS Visio
• Class diagrams
Managing Your GDB

• ArcCatalog is your main tool to manage
the schema
– Construction of component parts
– Organization of those parts
– Properties for the parts
• Many capabilities are available
– Some are not on the default GUI
Reading Schemas
Most data access technologies provide a way for you to query the
schema of a database, and obtain information about the tables,
stored procedures, data types, users, and other content of a database.
Logical
Structural
Creating a GDB
• Personal
– Use ArcCatalog
• Multi-user
– Must be done at the
system level
A
Creating a new personal geodatabase
1. Open ArcCatalog
2. Choose a folder
location
3. Right click: Choose
New < Personal
Geodatabase
Creating Feature Datasets
Right click your

geodatabase
Choose: New <

Feature Dataset
Creating an empty feature class

• Two locations available: stand-alone and
within a feature dataset
A
A
Creating a feature dataset
Creating Feature Datasets
Right click your

geodatabase
Choose: New <

Feature Dataset
Feature Datasets:
Setting the spatial reference
1. Set the
Projection
2. Set the Domain
• Precision
• Extent
http://arcscripts.esri.com/ :
Search on Spatial Domain
Import existing data
•Navigate to the
feature dataset or
geodatabase icon in
ArcCatalog
•Right Click
•Choose Import
Use this to import

any existing format!
Subtypes & Domains
Subtype:
•Distinguish features within a
single layer
•Maintain different domains within
the same field
•Need ArcEditor or ArcInfo
Domain:
•Identify & constrain attribute
values
•Can utilize in ArcView
Example
ROW Type
Subtype:
Domains:
Boundary Line
Parcels
Subtypes & Domains
Subtypes
• Must be long or short integer fields
• Created in ArcEditor or ArcInfo

• Increases the efficiency of the editing process
• Use when
– Standardizing a legend
– distinguishing different default values/domains
within the same field
Creating Subtypes
• In ArcCatalog
• Double click on a feature
class
• Select the Subtype tab
Creating Domains
Created in
ArcCatalog
1. Double Click
on the
Personal
Geodatabase
Icon
2. Choose the
Domains tab
Creating Domains—Assigning
to Feature Classes
In ArcCatalog
1. Double click a feature

class
2. Choose the Fields
tab
3. Highlight a field
4. Click Domain under
the Field properties
section
Set in the Field

Properties section
default values
Creating Domains—Assigning
Editing Process
Using Domains during the
Geodatabase Topology
Putting the power into your hands
– Topology Rules
• Preset rules to define topological relationships to
ensure connectivity, adjacency and coincidence
– Can be changed at any time
– Topology Tools
• Maintain spatial relationships
• Toolbar and Tasks

Creating Topology
1. Rules
– Land use boundaries overlap parcel boundaries
– Manholes overlap sanitary line endpoints
2. Cluster Tolerance
– Min distance where vertices within tolerance are
snapped
3. Ranks
– Control what features move during validating
• Surveyed points will not move (snap) during the validation
process
Validating Topology
• Validate edited features

using set topology rules
• Evaluate rules/tolerance
and generates error
notifications
• Snaps vertices using set

cluster tolerance and
ranks
Create a New Topology
• Created in ArcCatalog
• Created within a Feature

Dataset
• Topology Wizard
– Allows user to set Rules,
Ranks, Tolerance, and
perform initial Validation

Final Topology
When added to ArcMap,
will show errors from
the validation process
Managing Topologies
• Right click on the Topology in ArcCatalog
Topology Tools
Maintenance
• Standard toolbar in ArcView-ArcInfo

• Used in an editing environment in ArcMap
• Use in conjunction with Topology Tasks in
Editor Toolbar

Editor Toolbar
Maintenance
• Topology Tasks:
Modify, Auto Complete Polygon and Reshape
– Allows user to use basic editing tools
to alter vertices, replace lines, add
adjacent polygons or alter existing
polygons
– Use in conjunction with the Topology

Edit Tool on the Topology Toolbar
Remember:
Set snapping and snapping tolerance
Flexible Editing
• Topology edit tool
– Allows for editing shared boundaries
– Builds a temporary topology cache within a
given extent
• Faster performance
• Must use each time your extent changes
• Show shared features tool

– Move a boundary without effecting shared
boundaries (temporary)
• Parcels & land use
• Parcels and easements

Validate & Fix
• Validate after editing is complete

– Errors are highlighted
• Click the Fix Error button
• Select a feature and right click
– Fix
– Mark as an Exception
– Do Nothing
Process in Review
1. Plan for success

2. Import data
3. Set Subtypes &
Domains
4. Create Topology
5. Start editing!

Tips
• Projecting data
– Must create a new feature class
• PGDB is 2 GB max
• Read-only on a PGDB will restrict some
analyses, such as Select by Location
• Use compact to clean up temporary files
• All table names need to be unique
Ex 2
• Create a Personal GDB
• Create an empty Feature Class
• Create a Feature Dataset
• Create a Feature Class within the Feature
Dataset
GIS
Earth Data into a
Importing Google
Google Earth
• Provides free access to a rich resource of

satellite imagery and geographic data
• Excellent for visualization
• On-screen digitizing capabilities allow
mapping of features
– Features can be saved as kml files
– kml files cannot be directly loaded into a GIS
149
The “Convert KML to SHP” tool
• Converts kml features to shapefile

features
– Names and descriptions of kml features are
retained in the shapefile
• Easy to use - run as a tool in ArcToolbox
• Runs on ArcView 9.2 – no extensions
required.
• Works with kml files created by Google 4.2
– May not work with older versions
150
Creating features in Google Earth
• Create a folder to contain the features

Right-click
Enter single
line description
151
Creating features in Google
Earth
• Create feature in the appropriate folder
polygon
name
Select folder
point line
description
152
Saving features to a KML file

• Save the entire folder as a kml file (do not save
as a kmz file)
• Folder can contain more than one feature type.
Right-click
153
Running the “Convert KML to SHP” tool
• Add toolbox to ArcToolbox
Input kml file
Feature type
Output shapefile
154
Google Polygons to Shapefile
155
Shapefile is not projected
Feature Attributes
156
Using Google Earth Imagery in a
GIS
• Google Earth imagery cannot be
downloaded.
• Screen captures can be georeferenced
and used in a GIS.
• Reference points are needed to geo-
reference a screen capture.
• Features digitized in Google Earth can be
used as references.
157
Georeferencing Snapshots
158
Image
Saving the Georeferenced
159
160
Downloads
• The “Convert KML to SHP” tool, as well as
other geospatial tools, can be downloaded
through the Center for Land use Education
and Research (CLEAR) website:
• http://www.clear.uconn.edu/tools/geospatial/KML
_to_SHP_ArcGIS.zip
161

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WFM 6202: Remote Sensing and GIS in Water

Geographic Information System (GIS)

Dr. A.K.M. Saiful Islam

Concept of Spatial Database

• Required functions of a spatial database are as follows.

Design of Spatial Database

 definition of database contents

Properties of geographic data

Geographic data need special treatment indeed!

The following parameters should be well designed.

Partition of Spatial Data

Evolution of Database model

Student Course 001 RS & GIS in WM 3

• Key of relation ; a subset of attributes

• Prime attribute : an attribute listed in at least one key.

SELECT Student.Name, Course.Credit

two tables in the BUET Library

ISBN Title Author

Table to relational database

Advantage of Relational Database

4. Object Oriented Model

CE URP DCE IWFM AIT

Object Oriented Database

• An object is an encapsulated unit which is characterized by

• generic properties : there should be an inheritance

• abstraction : objects, classes and super classes are to be

• adhoc queries : users can order spatial operations to obtain

Example of Object Oriented Model

Object based vector data model

• Object based database differ from relational database in

What is object-Relational DBMS?

Data types and models

• Spatial Visualization & G.I.S.

Spatial Visualization & G.I.S.

Source: Kraak and Brown, 2001

Spatial Visualization & G.I.S.

Spatial Visualization & G.I.S.

vector raster t.i.n.*

*T.I.N. (Triangulated Irregular Network)

ArcView ArcEditor ArcInfo

ArcCatalog ArcMap ArcToolbox

• Loading, Arranging & Exploring Attributes of

• Add Data toolbar

• Layer = map + attribute

Zoom & Pan

and Finding Features

• Select Feature Tool

Easy Mapping Techniques Using ArcGIS|Querying

With the layer,

CSSCR Back-to-School Seminar, Fall 2009

Creating Layers Out of Selection

CSSCR Back-to-School Seminar, Fall 2009

and Calculating new variables

 Examine Table Attributes of

and Calculating new variables

 We first add a new

and Calculating new variables

 With the Add Field window

Easy Mapping Techniques Using ArcGIS|Map Layout

1999 ArcGIS v.8.0

ArcReader ArcGIS Mobile

Overview of ArcGIS Desktop

Overview of ArcGIS Desktop