Pretreatment of Water

LECTURE ON WATER TREATMENT
PLANT
M/s JINDAL POWER LIMITED (4X250 MW) OPJSTPP,

TAMNAR, RAIGARH
The Power behind water

WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Following topics are covered by Water Treatment Plant
 Pretreatment Plant (PT Plant)
 Demineralization Plant (DM Plant)
 Circulating Water Treatment (CW Treatment) & Side Stream

Filtration System
 Pretreatment is the initial treatment of the source of water

prior to the main treatment processes such as ion
exchange, reverse osmosis, electro dialysis and
distillation.
 In this treatment stage

• The physical characteristics of the water are
improved.
• Some chemical constituent are removed
• Biological impurities are dealt with.
 In the Pretreatment Plant

• Suspended solids are removed
• Turbidity is vastly improved
• Heavy metals, organic matter and other colloidal
material are largely reduced
• Color is eliminated.
 The treatment process thereby provides a clean, colorless

and odorless water to downstream units for further
processing to its end use.
 The Pretreatment of Water is accomplished by the

following processes..
• Settling
• Oxidation
• Coagulation – Flocculation
• Clarification – Settling
• Filtration.
LINE DIAGRAM OF PT PLANT
SETTLING
 Bulk of the suspended solids present in water will settle

down.
 Settling velocity is governed by Stokes Law.
 It is proportional to particle density & square of particle
diameter.
 Settling tank will require periodical cleaning which can
pose problem.
OXIDATION
 Physical method of oxidation -

Aeration Process.
 Chemical used for Oxidation –
• Chorine
• Sodium hypochlorite
• Calcium hypochlorite
• Ozone
These chemicals have bacterial and disinfection capability
also.
OXIDATION
 Physical method of oxidation -
• Aeration removes iron, bad odor and taste of water.
• In our system, arrangement of Cascade Aerator is given to
make contact with air.
• The ferrous iron in water is converted to ferric iron by
reaction with oxygen of the air.
• The ferric iron is then precipitated as ferric hydroxide by
reacting with alkalinity in water or supplemented by an
external dose of alkali.
• The reaction is -
4Fe2+ + O2 + 8 OH- + 2 H2O 4Fe(OH)3
OXIDATION
 Chemical used in oxidation –

Chlorine and its compounds – Sodium hypochorite and
calcium hypochorite removes –
• Ammonia and hydrogen sulphide.
• Organic Matter.
 Reactions of gaseous chorine are -
• Dissolution governed by Henry’s Law –
Cl2(g) Cl2(aq)
• Dissociation which is pH dependent
Cl2(aq) + H2O HOCl + H+ + Cl-
PICTURE OF AERATOR
PICTURE OF AERATOR
AERATOR - TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
 Aerator Quantity – 2X100%
 Maximum Design flow rate – 2205 m3/hr.
 Contact Time of Water – 2.21 Sec.
 Inlet Pipe Size Provided – 700 mm
 Step Provided – 8 Nos.
 Size Selected (Total) – 9.3 m (Dia.) X 3.0 m (H)

PICTURE OF STILLING CHAMBER

PICTURE OF STILLING CHAMBER

STILLING CHAMBER - TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
 Stilling Chamber Quantity – 2X100%
 Design Flow Rate - 2205 m3/hr.
 Retention Time – 2 Min.
 Retention Volume – 73.50 m3
 Free Board – 0.3 m
 Size Selected (Total) – 5.0 m (L) X 5.0 m (W) X 3.3 m (HT)

COAGULATION – FLOCCULATION
 Coagulation–flocculation facilitates the removal of

suspended solids, turbidity and colloids.
• Suspended Solids of sand & gravels of size greater than
1mm settle rapidly.
• Clay like material of size of few microns take time to
settle.
• Colloids whose particle size is in the sub-micron range
cannot settle naturally.
 Coagulation-flocculation brings about the settling of these

substances to effect their removal.
 Coagulation–flocculation is affected by -
• Nature of colloid and its concentration
• Type of Coagulant & dosage
• pH & Temperature of water
• Type of flocculent & dosage.
 The optimum conditions for coagulation-flocculation are

determined by Jar Test.
JAR TEST
Coagulant -
 Inorganic and organic coagulants are used to neutralize the
negative surface charge of the colloids.
 The inorganic coagulants consist of high valency cations.
 The higher the valency, the more effective is the
coagulation.
 Trivalent aluminum and iron salts are widely used in all
water coagulation treatments.
pH
 pH is a prominent factor in the removal of colloids.
 The optimum pH for coagulation-flocculation in the case of
aluminum salts is 6.0 – 7.4 and that for ferric salts is above 5.
 The pH necessary for coagulation is adjusted by the addition
of an acid or a base.
Flocculent -
 Flocculent are polymers that ‘weight’ the floc formed in the
prior coagulation process and produce a dense and quick
settling ‘floc mass’.
 The synthetic polymers have a very high molecular weight
(106 - 107) and composed of monomers which have electric
charges or ionize groups.
 The synthetic organic flocculants may be classified as
anionic, non-ionic, cationic -
• The anionic flocculent is a copolymer of acrylamide and
acrylic acid.
• The non-ionic product is basically poly-acrylamide.
• The cationic variety is a copolymer of acryl amide and a
cationic monomer (acrylate, methacrylate)
 The reactions of commonly used inorganic coagulants of

aluminum are -
Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3SO4-2 + 6CO2
Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(OH)2 2Al(OH)3 + 3Ca+2 + 3SO4-2

 The results of solids contact flocculation are -

• Enhanced flocculation
• Higher settling Rate
• Better removal of organic matter
• Effective removal of colloids
• Completion of reactions
• Savings of chemicals.
CLARIFICATION & SETTLING
• Intimate mixing between coagulants and raw water.

• Contact time with gentle agitation for floc formation and its
agglomeration
• Sedimentation zone for separation of floc from up flow of
water.
• Efficient removal of sludge
• Collection of treated water through launders.
PRINCIPAL OF OPERATION
 The Solid contact clarifier works on two basic principals of

Coagulation/Flocculation and Hydraulic Separation –
• Coagulation and Flocculation occur in the flocculation

zone when the feed stream comes in intimate contact with
chemical mixtures and suspended sludge particles from
previously treated water.
• The Hydraulic separation principal uses an up flow
design to move water into the settling zone for
clarification.
WATER FLOW DIAGRAM
RAW CLARIFLOCCULA Collecting

WATER TOR Launders
D.M. BOILER
U/G STORAGE PLANT MAKEUP
TANK
C.W.
MAKEUP
COOLING
WATER
January 15, 2019 31

DOSING AT CLARIFIER
CHLORINE
LIQUID
RAW CLARIFIED
WATER WATER
January 15, 2019 32

CROSS SECTION OF CLARIFIER
DOSING POINT CLARIFIED WATER
BLOW DOWN
January 15, 2019 33
CROSS SECTION OF GRAVITY FILTER
CLARIFIED WATER
COURSE SAND
FILTERED WATER
January 15, 2019 34

GRAVITY FILTER
CLARIFIED WATER
FILTERED WATER FILTERED WATER

January 15, 2019 35
CROSS SECTION OF GRAVITY FILTER
WATER
COURSE SAND
January 15, 2019 36

PICTURE OF CLARIFFLOCCULATOR
PICTURE OF CLARIFFLOCCULATOR
CLARIFFLOCCULATOR - TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
 Clarifflocculator Quantity – 3 nos.
 Outlet flow Rate required (Design) – 1750 m3/hr.
 Sludge flow Rate at 5% of Rated Capacity Retention Time –

87 m3/hr.
 Total Inlet flow Rate – 1837.5 m3/hr.

Design of Flocculator Zone –
 Max. Design flow Rate – 1838 m3/hr.
 Retention Time in Flocculation Zone – 30 mins.
 Provided Volume - 918.75 m3
 Height of Flocculation Zone selected – 3 m
 Diameter of Flocculation Zone – 20 m

Design of Clarification Zone –
 Detention Time – 150 mins.
 Provided Volume – 4594 m3
 Diameter of Clarification Zone provided – 50.3 m
 Area of Clarifflocculator – 1860 m2

THANKS & REGARDS

Pretreatment of Water

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Pretreatment of Water

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LECTURE ON WATER TREATMENT

M/s JINDAL POWER LIMITED (4X250 MW) OPJSTPP,

The Power behind water

Following topics are covered by Water Treatment Plant

 Pretreatment Plant (PT Plant)

 Demineralization Plant (DM Plant)

 Circulating Water Treatment (CW Treatment) & Side Stream

 Pretreatment is the initial treatment of the source of water

 In this treatment stage

 In the Pretreatment Plant

 The treatment process thereby provides a clean, colorless

 The Pretreatment of Water is accomplished by the

 Bulk of the suspended solids present in water will settle

 Physical method of oxidation -

 Chemical used in oxidation –

AERATOR - TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

 Aerator Quantity – 2X100%

 Maximum Design flow rate – 2205 m3/hr.

 Contact Time of Water – 2.21 Sec.

 Inlet Pipe Size Provided – 700 mm

 Step Provided – 8 Nos.

 Size Selected (Total) – 9.3 m (Dia.) X 3.0 m (H)

PICTURE OF STILLING CHAMBER

PICTURE OF STILLING CHAMBER

 Stilling Chamber Quantity – 2X100%

 Design Flow Rate - 2205 m3/hr.

 Retention Time – 2 Min.

 Retention Volume – 73.50 m3

 Free Board – 0.3 m

 Size Selected (Total) – 5.0 m (L) X 5.0 m (W) X 3.3 m (HT)

 Coagulation–flocculation facilitates the removal of

 Coagulation-flocculation brings about the settling of these

 The optimum conditions for coagulation-flocculation are

 The reactions of commonly used inorganic coagulants of

Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3SO4-2 + 6CO2

Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(OH)2 2Al(OH)3 + 3Ca+2 + 3SO4-2

 The results of solids contact flocculation are -

CLARIFICATION & SETTLING

• Intimate mixing between coagulants and raw water.

 The Solid contact clarifier works on two basic principals of

• Coagulation and Flocculation occur in the flocculation

RAW CLARIFLOCCULA Collecting

January 15, 2019 31

January 15, 2019 32

DOSING POINT CLARIFIED WATER

January 15, 2019 34

FILTERED WATER FILTERED WATER

January 15, 2019 36

 Clarifflocculator Quantity – 3 nos.

 Outlet flow Rate required (Design) – 1750 m3/hr.

 Sludge flow Rate at 5% of Rated Capacity Retention Time –

 Total Inlet flow Rate – 1837.5 m3/hr.

Design of Flocculator Zone –

 Max. Design flow Rate – 1838 m3/hr.

 Retention Time in Flocculation Zone – 30 mins.

 Provided Volume - 918.75 m3

 Height of Flocculation Zone selected – 3 m

 Diameter of Flocculation Zone – 20 m

Design of Clarification Zone –

 Detention Time – 150 mins.

 Provided Volume – 4594 m3

 Diameter of Clarification Zone provided – 50.3 m

 Area of Clarifflocculator – 1860 m2