4G Lte

LTE eRAN Basic Feature
s and Functionality
www.huawei.com
Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

LTE eRAN Idle Mode
www.huawei.com

Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the UE behaviors in RRC idle mode
 Describe the feature and algorithms of each behaviors

Page3
Contents
1. UE Idle Mode Overview
2. PLMN Selection Procedure
3. Cell Search & Selection Procedure
4. Cell Reselection Procedure
5. Cell Barring and Reservation
6. Paging Procedure

Page4
General UE Initial Procedure

Page5
UE Idle Mode Behaviors
 A UE that is powered on but does not have an RRC connecti
on to the radio network is considered to be in idle mode
 Idle mode management can increase the access success rate
, improve the quality of service, and ensure that UEs cam
p on cells with good RX signal levels and qualities
 In the idle mode, UE can perform:
 PLMN selection
 Cell search & selection
 Cell reselection
 TA update
 Periodic paging monitoring

Page6
RRC Status Transition
 LTE is capable with “always online” functions, afte
r UE initial attach, the default RRC status is active
.
 There is a timer(UE inactive timer) in eNodeB to cont
rol active to idle transition, when a UE has neither
received nor sent data for a duration exceeding this
period of time, the eNodeB releases the radio resourc
es for the UE.

Page7
Contents
5. Cell Barring & Reservation
6. Paging Procedure

Page8
PLMN Classification
 Home PLMN: the PLMN which the user is subscribed, the
re is only one PLMN
 The Equivalent Home PLMN (EHPLMN): It is a list of PL
MNs that can provide the same service as home PLMN. T
his PLMN is recoded in USIM
 Visited PLMN: The Visited PLMN (VPLMN) is the PLMN wh
ere the UE is located.

Page9
PLMN Selection Introduction
 PLMN selection includes two stages
 UE self-PLMN selection
 Automatic selection mode: UE will automatic select one sui
table PLMN based on the priority
 Manual selection mode: UE search all the valid PLMN in the
network, and the user could select one of them
 PLMN register: After UE select one PLMN, it will regist
er it to EPC during attachment flow, if this procedure
is failure, UE goes back to self PLMN selection procedu
re. If all PLMN registration fails, UE enters the limit
ed service state

Page10
PLMN Selection Procedure

Page11
Priority of Automatic PLMN Select
ion
 Scenario 1: Initial PLMN selection, with no RPLMN information
 UE AS initiate cell search, read all the PLMN from SIB1, and repo
rt it to UE NAS
 UE NAS will select one of them based on the predefined priority
 Scenario 2: If last VPLMN exists in USIM, UE will select this P
LMN and start cell search with last frequency, if no valid cell
was found all PLMN registration fails, then UE goes back to ini
tial PLMN selection

Page12
Contents
5. Cell Barring & Reservation Operation
6. Paging Procedure

Page13
Cell Search Procedure
Slot synchronization
Frame synchronization and

PCI identification
System message reception

and RS measurement

Page14
SS Search
Device can identify Cell ID and

frame timing

Page15
System Message Reception
 After SS decoding, UE turns to BCCH logic channel ac
quires all the necessary information for the further
network access and operation.
 Classification of system message
 MIB(Master Info Block): There is only one MIB, is carri
ed by PBCH
 SIB: Up to 13 SIBs can be delivered by PDSCH, SIB1 and
SIB2 are mandatory

Page16
MIB Introduction

Page17
SIB Information
Type Contents
Cell selection and camp related parameters ， SI period for
SIB1
other SIBs.
SIB2 Basic radio parameters
SIB3 Common parameters for cell reselection
Intra-frequency neighbor list; Neighbor reselection parameters;
SIB4
Neighbor black list
Inter-frequency list and corresponding cell reselection
parameters
SIB5 Inter-frequency neighbor list and corresponding cell reselection
parameters
SI Inter-frequency black list
SIB6 UMTS frequency list and neighbor list
SIB7 GSM frequency list and neighbor list
SIB8 CDMA2000 frequency list and neighbor list
SIB9 Home eNodeB information
SIB10 ETWS primary notification
SIB11 ETWS secondary notification ）
SIB12 CMAS primary notification ）
SIB13 CMAS secondary notification

Page18
SIB Mapping & Delivery
 SIBs are mapping on PDSCH: SIB1 and SIB2 are mandator
y, and others are optional.
 Period of SIBs
 SIB1: 80ms
 From SIB2 to SIB8, SIB10 and SIB11: It is a flexible pe
riod, with 80,160,320,1280,2560 and 5120ms .

Page19
SI Mapping Configuration

Page20
Initial System Message Reception S
cenario
 A UE reads the first SI messages in the following sc
enarios:
 After cell search
 After UE reselect a new cell
 After handover in a new cell
 UE returns to coverage area from non-coverage area

Page21
System Message Update Scenario
 After obtaining the SI message properly, the UE does
not read the message repeatedly. It rereads and updat
es the SI message only in the following scenarios:
 The UE receives the SI message change notification in t
he paging message
 The UE receives the SI message 3 hours after receiving
an SI message
 The UE receives the ETWS message broadcast notification
in the paging message transmitted from the eNodeB.

Page22
System Information Update Procedur
e
 eNodeB pages the UE firstly , then transmits the updated s
ystem information in next modification period

Page23
RS Measurement
 After receiving all necessary system messages, UE sta
rt to measure RS for cell selection and reselection
 The following quantity should be evaluated for UE idl
e status measurement
 RSRP: RS receiving power
 RSRQ: RS receiving quality
 RSRQ= N *RSRP/RSSI (N indicates the number of Resource
Blocks)

Page24
Cell Selection Criteria
Criteria for cell selection

Srxlev > 0 and Squal > 0
Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) – Pcompensation
Squal = Qqualmeas – (Qqualmin + Qqualminoffset)

Page25
Cell Selection Configuration
 MOD CELLSEL

Page26
Cell Selection Configuration (Con
t.)
 MOD CELLRESEL

Page27
Contents
6. Paging Procedure

Page28
Cell Reselection Introduction
 The signal strength of both serving cell and neighbor
ing cells varies with the movement of a UE and so the
UE needs to select the most suitable cell to camp on.
This process is called cell reselection which is cons
idered as UE mobility management in idle mode
 Cell reselection process:
 Measurement start criteria
 Cell reselection criteria

Page29
Frequency Priority Handling for Mea
surement
 For intra-frequency neighbor measurement: The priorit
y is the same between source cell and neighbor cell,
so UE will ignore it.
 For inter-frequency and inter-RAT neighbor measuremen
t: UE will take the priority between source cell and
neighbor cell for the measurement

Page30
Priority Setting
 The priorities of inter frequency and inter-RAT
are classified into two types:
 Absolute priority
 Static configuration
 Dedicated priority
 Temporarily configured by RRC for some the dedic
ated UE.

Page31
Absolute Priority Configuration –
Serving Cell
 MOD CELLRESEL

Page32
EUTRAN Target Cell
 MOD EUTRANINTERNFREQ
Note: if priority indicator is set Not CFG, then UE do

esn’t implement cell reselection to the target frequ
ency

Page33
UTRAN/GERAN Target Cell
GSM
UMTS

Page34
Dedicated Priority For Flexible Us
er Steering
 If flexible user steering feature is activated, we ca
n set the dedicated priority based on subscriber prof
ile ID

Page35
Dedicated Priority For RAN Sharing
 You can configure dedicated priority for RAN sharing
with either of following solution
 Solution 1: Set dedicated priority for UE select differ
ent PLMN operators. This priority will be shared by all
operators in the serving cell.
 Solution 2: Set dedicated priority for all operators i
n the serving cell with a specific frequency. This prio
rity is individual for each operators in serving cell

Page36
Solution 1 Introduction
Operator 1
1
rity
rio Operator 2
P 2
ir ty
io
Pr
y3
Priorit Operator 3
Target cell
Source cell

Page37
Relevant Configuration

Page38
Solution 2 Introduction
Prior
Operator 1 ity 1
Priorit
y 2
Operator 2
3
Priority
Operator 3
Specific
Source cell
Target cell

Page39

Page40
Intra-Frequency Measurement Criter
ia
 If the intra frequency measurement triggering thresho
ld is not configured, the UE always performs intra fr
equency measurements.
 If the intra frequency measurement triggering thresho
ld is configured:
 Srxlev > SIntraSearch and Squal > SIntraSearchQ the U
E dose not perform intra frequency measurement
 Srxlev ≤SintraSearch or Squal ≤ SIntraSearchQ, the
UE perform intra frequency measurement

Page41
Inter Frequency/RAT Measurement Cr
iteria
 For the neighbors with higher priority
 The UE always perform inter frequency /RAT measurement
 For the neighbor with lower or equal priority
 If the threshold is not configured, the UE always perf
orm inter frequency/RAT measurement
 If the threshold is configured :
 When Srxlev > SNonIntraSearch and Squal > SNonIntraSearchQ,
UE does not perform inter frequency/RAT measurement
 When Srxlev ≤ SnonIntraSearch or Squal ≤ SNonIntraSearchQ
UE perform inter frequency /RAT measurement

Page42
Threshold Configuration – Rx Leve
l

Page43
Threshold Configuration – Rx Qual
ity

Page44
Black List
 During cell reselection, UEs are not allowed to measu
re or reselect the blacklisted cells of the serving c
ell.
 Intra-frequency blacklist : Broadcast in SIB4
 Inter-frequency blacklist: Broadcast in SIB5

Page45
Intra Frequency/ Equal-Priority Ce
ll Reselection Criteria
Serving cell Neighbor cell
R_N > R_S

R_N= Qmeas,n – CellQoffset
R_S= Qmeas,s + Qhyst

Page46
Intra-Frequency Cell Reselection C
onfiguration -Hysteresis
 MOD CELLRESEL

Page47
Intra-Frequency Cell Reselection C
onfiguration - Cell Offset

Page48
High Priority Cell Reselection Cri
teria
Neighbor cell
No need consider serving

cell
Criteria for Rx quality based (only for LTE&UMTS):

Srxlev = Qqualmeas – Qqualmin>ThreshXHighQ
Criteria for Rx level based (For all system) :

Squal = Qqualmeas – (Qqualmin + Pcompensation) >
ThreshXHigh

Page49
Low Priority Cell Reselection Crit
eria
Serving cell Neighbor cell
Both serving cell and

neighbor cell should be
Criteria based on Rx quality (only for LTE & UMTS) considered
Squal_S < ThrshServLowQ and
Squal_N > ThreshXLow
Criteria based on Rx level (for all system)

Squal_S < ThrshServLowQ and
Squal_N > ThreshXLow

Page50
Contents
6. Paging Procedure

Page52
Cell Barring & Reservation
 Cell barring and reservation control are two mechanis
ms for operators to control their networks.
 It is only used to control the cell selection and res
election for idle UE

Page53
Relevant UE Behavior
 If a cell is neither barred nor reserved for operator
use, UEs can consider this cell as a candidate during
cell selection and reselection procedures.
 If a cell is not barred but is reserved for operator
use, UEs treat this cell during cell selection and re
selection procedures as follows:
 If UEs of access class 11 or 15 camp on their HPLMN or
an EHPLMN, the UEs can treat this cell as a candidate.
 Otherwise, UEs treat this cell as a barred cell

Page54
Relevant UE Behavior (Cont.)
 If a cell is barred, UEs behave as follows during cel
l selection and reselection procedures:
 The UEs cannot select or reselect this cell
 When intraFreqReselection in the SIB1 indicates that
intra-frequency reselection is allowed, the UEs may sel
ect another cell on the same frequency if reselection c
riteria are fulfilled. Otherwise, UE can’t reselect th
e other cell.

Page55
Contents
6. Paging Procedure

Page56
Trigger of Paging
 Triggered by MME
 MME initiates a paging message according to the TAL inf
ormation in the message, the eNodeB transmits the pagin
g message over the PCCH to the UE in all the cells belo
nging to the TAs in the TAL
 Triggered by eNodeB
 When the SI message changes, the eNodeB transmits a pag
ing message to notify all the UEs in the EMM-REGISTERED
state in the cell and transmits the updated SI message
in the next SI message modification period

Page57
Paging Mechanism
 PF: Paging frame, in one paging cycle , there could be man

y paging frames, depends on NB configuration
 PO: Paging occasion, is the paging subframe for each UE, t
he PF and PO is assigned by eNodeB using hash algorithm ba
sed on IMSI
 The PO number = NB x T

Page58
Paging Channel Configuration
 MOD PCCHCFG

Page62
Summary
 What is UE behaviors in idle mode?
 What is priority for PLMN selection?
 How to perform cell search?
 What is criteria for cell selection?
 And how about cell selection?
 How to configure paging channel capacity?

Page63
Page64
LTE eRAN Connection Man
agement Feature
www.huawei.com

Objectives
 Describe the concepts of the LTE UE connections
 Outline the connection management procedures
 Outline the parameters for the connection management

Page66
Contents
1. Connection Management Overview
2. Random Access
3. Signaling Connection Management
4. Data Radio Bearer Management

Page67
UE Connections
 LTE UE connection includes :
 Connection between the UE and eNodeB
 Connection between the UE and EPC
 The connection management is performed in:
 Control plane
 User plane

Page68
Control Plane Connection

Page69
User Plane Connection

Page70
Classification of EPS Bearer

Page71
UE Connection Setup Procedure

Page72
Contents
2. Random Access

Page73
Purposes Random Access
 Through the RA procedure, the UE can:
 Obtain the uplink synchronization signals from the netw
ork
 Request dedicated resources for data transmission

Page74
Trigger of Random Access
 UE initiates RA procedure in following scenarios :
 initial RRC connection establishment
 RRC connection reestablishment
 Handover
 UE is noticed downlink data arrival
 UE detects Uplink data arrival
 For positioning purpose

Page75
Contention-based and Non-Contention-bas
ed Random Access
 the RA procedure can be categorized into the followin
g types :
 Non-Contention-based RA
 Handover
 UE is noticed downlink data arrival
 For positioning purpose
 Contention-based RA
 initial RRC connection establishment
 RRC connection reestablishment
 UE detects Uplink data arrival

Page76
Contention-based Random Access
 Contention-based Random Access Procedure :

Page77
Random Access preamble

Page78
Random Access preamble Format
Preamble TCP TSEQ FDD Cell Radius

Burst TDD Cell Radius (R)
Format (R)
0 1,000 µs 103.1 µs 800 µs R ≤ 14.5km 1.4 km < R ≤ 14.5 km

29.5 km < R ≤ 77.3
1 2,000 µs 684.4 µs 800 µs 29 .5km < R ≤ 77.3 km
km
14 .5km < R ≤ 29.5
2 2,000 µs 203.1 µs 1,600 µs 14.5 km < R ≤ 29.5 km
km
77 .3km < R ≤ 100
3 3,000 µs 684.4 µs 1,600 µs 77 .3km < R ≤ 100 km
km
4 167.9 µs 14.58 µs 133.33 µs Not involved. R ≤ 1.4 km

Page79
Related Parameters
 Command: MOD CELL
Parameter to set Parameter to set

the cell radius the preamble
format

Page80
Preamble Sequence

Page81
Related Parameters
 Command: MOD CELL
Parameter to set the

root sequence index

Page82
Random Access Response

Page83
Uplink Scheduled Data Transmission

Page84
Contention Resolution

Page85
RA Backoff Control

Page86
Non-Contention-based Random Access
 Non-contention-based Random Access Procedure :

Page87
Related Parameters
 Command: MOD CELLALGOSWITCH
Some
parameters for
random access

Page88
Contents
2. Random Access

Page89
Architecture of the Protocol Stack fo
r Signaling Connection

Page90
RRC States

Page91
RRC Connection Establishment

Page92
Related Parameters
 Command: MOD RRCCONNSTATETIMER
Parameter to
set timer 302

Page94
Dedicated S1 Connection Setup

Page95
RRC Connection Reestablishment
 RRC Connection Reestablishment is applied in fol
lowing cases:
 Handover failure
 RRC reconfiguration failure
 Radio link failure
 Integrity check failure
 If security in the AS is not activated, a UE cannot i
nitiate RRC connection reestablishment.

Page97
RRC Connection Reestablishment Procedu
re

Page98
S1 Initial UE Message

Page99
Downlink and Uplink NAS Transport

Page100
S1 Initial Context Setup Request

Page101
S1 Initial Context Setup Response

Page102
Signaling Link Release
 The signaling link release is initiated in the f
ollowing two scenarios:
 The MME initiates a UE Context Release Command message
 After detecting an exception, the eNodeB sends the MME
a UE Context Release Request message
 Signaling Link Release include:
 Release of the dedicated S1 connection
 Release of the RRC connection

Page103
Signaling Link Release Procedure

Page104
Related Parameters
 Command: MOD RRCCONNSTATETIMER
Parameter to set
UE inactive timer

Page105
Contents
2. Random Access

Page106
Dedicated Radio Bearer Establishment

Page107
S1 E-RAB Setup Request

Page108
S1 E-RAB Setup Response

Page109
Dedicated Radio Bearer Modification

Page110
Dedicated Radio Bearer Release

Page111
Reference: Parameter description
 For detail, please refer to the notes.

Page112
Page113
LTE eRAN Power Control
Feature
www.huawei.com

Objectives
 Describe the object of power control in LTE
 Describe the strategy and parameters of DL power contr
ol
 Describe the strategy and parameters of UL power contr
ol
 Monitor power control result from M2000

Page115
Contents
1. Power Control Overview
2. Downlink Power Allocation
3. Uplink Power Control
4. Feature Activate Observation

Page116
Purpose of Power Control
 Compensate path loss , including shadow fading and mult

iple path fading
 Reduce interference on the edge cell

Page117
Power Control Features in eNodeB
 Downlink power control:
 There is no uplink power control command, so DL power c
ontrol is more like dynamic power allocation
 Uplink power control
 Including open loop, closed loop and inner loop power c
ontrol. 1 bit or 2 bits power control command is define
d for closed loop and inner loop power control

Page118
Strategy for Algorithm
Algorithm Strategy Reason
PHICH dynamic Disabled PHICH carry HARQ feedback which

power requires high accuracy, and default
adjustment power could guarantee it. And it is not
necessary to reduce PHICH power
because it occupies very less resource.
PDCCH dynamic Enabled To reduce the service drop rate and
power increase the throughput for
adjustment CEUs.
PDSCH dynamic Disabled Turning on this switch may waste RB
power resources in multi-UE scenarios. This
adjustment will bring negative gains to cell
throughput and increase overall
interference on the entire network.
All uplink power Enabled Reduce UE power as low as possible
control Improve performance for cell edge
Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.user
All rights reserved.
Page119
Contents

Page120
DL Power Distribution
Total DL Power
Fixed allocation Dynamic or fixed allocation
RS PHICH
PSS+SSS
PDCCH (Dedicate UE scheduling)
PBCH
PDSCH(Dedicated UE data)
PCFICH
PDCCH (SIBs/Paging/RA response

scheduling
PDSCH (SIBs/Paging/RA rsponse)

Page121
Cell Specific RS Power Setting
Type A Symbol: without RS REs Type B Symbol: RS REs
 EPRE: Energy Per Resource Element

 The RS power setting is based on EPRE
 RS power is the reference power for the other channel

Page122
Cell Specific RS Power Setting (Co
nt.) 3/4 1Bandwidt P
1 P ( dBm)
　　　　
　　　 B RS
3/4 1 1
　　　　
h
　　　
X
1 1
　 X 　　 10M 1 18.2
　　
compensate 3/4 1 1 15M 1 16.4
　　　　
　　　
3/4 1 1
　　　　　　　 20M 1 15.2
1 1
R 　 R 　　 Pb Symbol B/ Symbol A
　　
3/4 1 1
　　　　 1 ANT port 2 or 4 ANT ports
　　　
3/4 1 1
compensate 　　　　 0 1 5/4
　　　
1 1
X 　 X 　　 1 4/5 1
　　
3/4 1 1
　　　　 2 3/5 3/4
　　　
Pb　=2　
3/4 1, 2　
1 Antennas
　　　　 3 2/5 1/2
1 1
R 　 R 　　
 RS Power ＝ Total power per channel(dbm) – 10lg(tot
　　
al subcarrier)+10lg(Pb + 1)

Page123
Synchronization Signal Power Setting
 PowerSCH ＝ ReferenceSignalPwr +SchPwr

Page124
PBCH/PCFICH Power Setting
 PowerPBCH ＝ ReferenceSignalPwr + PbchPwr

 PowerPCFICH ＝ ReferenceSignalPwr + PcfichPwr

Page125
PDCCH/PDSCH Power Setting
 In the following two status, the power for PDCCH and
PDSCH power is fixed setting
 When PDCCH carry scheduling information of common contr
ol information (RACH response /paging/SIBs indicator )
 When PDSCH carry the common info (RACH response/SIB/pag
ing message)

Page126
Power Allocation Setting

Page127
Dynamic Power Allocation - PHICH
CQI Report Estimate SINR_RS
Compare it with target SINR_RS
Adjust PHICH power

 The PHICH occupies very few resources, which means decreasing its
transmit power cannot significantly reduce power consumption. In
addition, the PHICH carries the ACK/NACK messages for the uplink
data, which requires high accuracy. Decreasing the transmit power
of the PHICH may reduce accuracy and uplink data rate. Therefore,
the dynamic power allocation is not recommended in commercial net
work.
Page128
Dynamic Power Control - PDCCH
Off PDCCH dynamic power
control switch
On
eNB measure BLER
_
Set PDCCH with fixed +
power Target BLER
>0 <0
Result
Decrease Power Increase Power

Page129
PDSCH Power Presentation
　　　　
　　　　
X 　 X 　　
　　　　
Sub_carriers
　　　　
R 　 R 　　
ρA
　　　　
　　　　
ρB
X 　 X 　　
　　　　
　　　　
R 　 R 　　
Symbol
PPDSCH_A ＝ ρA + ReferenceSignalPwr
PPDSCH_B ＝ ρB + ReferenceSignalPwr

Page130
PDSCH Power Control Mechanism
Switch Setting Power Control Mechanism

DlIcicStaticSwitch: ON: or Dynamic power control is disabled.
DlIcicDynamicSwitch:ON PDSCH power is fixed setting respectively
for the Center User (CCU) and Cell Edge
User (CEU).
DlIcicSwitch: OFF or Dynamic Power control is applicable for
DlIcicReuse3Switch:ON PDSCH
and
PdschPaAdjSwitch: ON
DlIcicSwitch_OFF_ENUM or PDSCH power is fixed setting
DlIcicReuse3Switch:ON and
PdschPaAdjSwitch: OFF

Page131
PDSCH Power Control - Dynamic

Page132
Contents

Page133
PRACH Open Loop Power Control
ensure the random
access success
eNB Initially sets PRACH preamble
rate and latency
expected received power
Minimize the
transmit power
UE estimates downlink path loss
UE sets the PRACH transmit

power according eNB parameter
Preamble C and path loss
Preamble A
If the random access preamble
Preamble B attempt fails ,UE can increase the
transmit power for the next RA
preamble attempt

Page134
PRACH Power Control
 The purpose of power control for the PRACH is to ensure the

random access success rate while minimizing transmit power
 The PRACH power is calculated using the following formula:
PPRACH  min{ PCMAX , Po _ pre  PL   preamble  ( N pre  1)   step }

Page135
Related Parameters
 MOD RACHCFG
 MOD CELLULPCDEDIC

Page136
PUSCH Power Control Overview
 The purposes of power control for the PUSCH are as fo
llows:
 Lower interference to neighboring cells and increasing
cell throughput
 Ensure services rates for users on cell edges
 the transmit power for the PUSCH is calculated using
the following formula:
PPUSCH (i )  min{ PCMAX ,10 log( M PUSCH (i ))  Po _ PUSCH    PL   TF (i )  f (i )}

Page137
Inner Loop Power Control- Dynamic
Scheduling Service
 Inner loop
 Adjust TPC according to the transmit power density

Page139
Closed Loop Power Control – For Sem
i-persistent Scheduling Service
 Closed loop
 Adjust TPC according to the IBLER

Page140
PUSCH Power Adjustment Mechanism
 DCI format for power control
 2 bits TPC:DCI0/DCI3/
 1 bit TPC: DCI 3A
 Two mechanisms for TPC, configured by RRC
 Accumulated mode: For all DCI formats
 For FDD, KPUSCH=4
f (i )  f (i  1)   PUSCH (i  K PUSCH )
 Absolute mode: Only for DCI0,
 For FDD, KPUSCH=4
f (i )   PUSCH (i  K PUSCH )

Page141
Power Ramping Offset
TPC Command Field in Accumulated  PUSCH  PUSCH
Absolute
DCI format 0/3
0 -1 -4
1 0 -1
2 1 1
3 3 4
TPC Command Field in

DCI format 3A
Accumulated  PUSCH
0 -1
1 1

Page142
Related Commands
 Algorithm Switch
 Initial power setting

Page143
Msg3 Power Control
 When the PUSCH carries Msg3, the transmit power of ea
ch UE's PUSCH is calculated using the following formu
la:
PPUSCH (i )  min{ PCMAX ,10 log( M PUSCH (i ))  PO_pre   PREAMBLE _ Msg3  PL   TF (i )  f (i )}

Page144
PUCCH Power Control
 The PUCCH carries the ACK/NACK information, CQIs, and
schedule request (SR) information related to downlink
data. When the probability of incorrect demodulation
on the PUCCH is high, user throughput is severely aff
ected.
 The purposes of power control for the PUCCH are to en
sure the PUCCH performance and reduce the interferenc
e to neighboring cells.
 The transmit power for the PUCCH is calculated using
the following formula:
PPUCCH (i)  min{ PCMAX , P0 _ PUCCH  PL  h  n CQI , nHARQ    F _ PUCCH ( F )  g (i)}

Page145
Inner Loop Power Control
 Inner loop
 Adjust TPC according to the SINR

Page146
PUCCH Power Adjustment Mechanism
 DCI format for power control
 2 bits TPC: DCI1A/1B/1D/2A/2B/2/3
 1 bit TPC: DCI 3A
 Only accumulated mode is used
 Forg (FDD, i  1)   PUCCH (i  k m )

i )  fk(m=4

Page147
PUCCH Power Ramping

DCI format 1A/1B/1D/1/2A/2B/2/3  PUCCH [dB]
0 -1
1 0
2 1
3 3

DCI format 3A  PUCCH [dB]
0 -1
1 1

Page148
Related Commands
 Algorithm Switch

Page149
Related Commands (Cont.)
 Initial power setting

Page150
Sounding RS Power Control
 The SRS is used for uplink channel estimation and upl
ink timing. Power control for the SRS improves the pr
ecision in uplink channel estimation and uplink timin
g.
 The SRS power is calculated using the following formu
la:
PSRS (i)  min{ PCMAX , 10 log( M SRS )  PSRS _ OFFSET  P0 _ PUSCH    PL  f (i )}
The same as PUSCH Power Control

Page151
Contents

Page152
Contents
4.1 DL power control observation
4.2 UL power control observation

Page153
Check RS Power Setting
 Start UU interface trace, from SIB2 message, you can
check current RS power setting

Page154
Check the Other Channel’s Power
 For the other DL channel w

hich power must be fixed c
an be checked by eNdoeB co
nfiguration. You can use e
ither CME or MML to check
these values.

Page155
Check PHICH/PDCCH/PDSCH Dynamic P
ower Allocation
 We can observe PHICH power offset in real time from M
2000 UE monitoring function
 Step 1: Prepare a test UE, start S1 interface trace i
n M2000
 Step 2: Power on UE, obtain the S-TMIS from S1 messag
e, shown as below

Page156
ower Allocation (Cont.)
 Step 3: Start UE performance trace, and select DL pow
er control monitoring function, and input the S-TMIS
to activate the task

Page157
ower Allocation (Cont.)
 Step 4: Start the traffic (eg. FTP) for the UE, and obs
ever the value for each channels.
 If dynamic power allocation is disabled, the value should
be constant all the time
 If dynamic power allocation is enable, during the movement
of UE, you will see the variable values of power offset

Page158
Contents
4.1 DL power control observation
4.2 UL power control observation

Page159
Check PRACH Power Configuration
 We can check all the PRACH power parameters from SIB2
via UU interface tracing

Page160
Check PUSCH Power Configuration
 We can check all the PUSCH power parameters from SIB2

Page161
PUSCH Power Control Verification
 Step 1: Turn on the PUSCH power control switch
 Step 2: Start uplink traffic for test UE
 Step 3: Monitoring DCI statistic from M2000, if you can find the
result for DCI0, DCI3 or DCI3A, that means PUSCH power control wo
rks

Page162
Check PUCCH Configuration
 We can check all the PUSCH power parameters from SIB2

Page163
PUCCH Power Control Verification
 As all DCI could be used for PUCCH power control, so it is diffi
cult to verify the PUCCH power control from DCI statistic
 We can monitor PUCCH SINR to verify PUCCH power control. When UE
moves, if SINR is convergence with target value (16dB), it indic
ate PUCCH power control works.

Page164
Summary
 What is purpose of power control?
 What is the strategy for power control deployment?
 How to set downlink channel power?
 What is detailed algorithm for open loop, closed loop
and inner loop power control?
 How to check common power control parameters?
 How to verify power control effect?

Page165
Abbreviations
 PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel
 PCFICH: Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
 PDCCH: Physical Downlink Control Channel
 PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared Channel
 PHICH: Physical HARQ Indicator Channel
 PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel
 PUCCH: Physical Uplink Control Channel
 PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Channel
 SS: Synchronized Signal

Page166
Page167
LTE eRAN Scheduling
Feature
www.huawei.com

Objectives
 Describe scheduling mechanism in eNodeB
 Describe the details for DL and UL scheduling
 Describe the scheduling enhancement in eRAN6.0
 Monitor scheduling statistic in M2000

Page169
Contents
1. Scheduling Overview
2. Downlink Scheduling Feature
3. Uplink Scheduling Feature
4. Relevant Monitoring

Page170
Scheduling Functionality
 Scheduling Function: Ensure high spectrum high spectral ef

ficiency while providing the required.

Page171
Scheduling Scheme
Dynamic scheduling
• Period: 1ms (per TTI)

• Service application: all service
Semi-Persistent Scheduling
• Period: 20ms (Huawei eNodeB)

• Service application: Real time
service, etc. VoIP

Page172
Scheduler Introduction
 The scheduler is located at the MAC layer of LTE system

 Function:
 Guarantee system signaling sending
 Ensure QoS requirements
 Take user differentiation and fairness into account
 Maximize the system throughput

Page173
Scheduling Execution
DCI info
 DCI/UCI info for scheduling

 Resource allocation header: indicate allocation type
 Resource assignment block
 MCS (Modulation Coding Scheme)
 MIMO scheme
 NDI( New Data Indication)
 HARQ process number

Page174
Contents

Page175
Contents
2. Downlink Scheduling
2.1 Scheduling Priority Processing
2.2 MCS Selection & Resource Allocation

Page176
DL Scheduler
DL Scheduler
Channel Quality Priority Selected

calculation
UE
HARQ feedback MCS
RB
selection
number
QoS parameters
Resource
allocation MCS/MIMO
UE Capability
Every scheduling period

Page177
DL Scheduling Priority

Page178
Control Information Scheduling
 Common control information: Include SIBs, paging and
RA response message
 Dedicated control information: Include SRB0, SRB1, SR
B2.
 Generally, control information has higher priority th
an user plane data, it uses fixed lower phase MCS to
ensure the quality.
 IMS signaling is a special user plane data which has
the same priority and mechanism as SRB1 and SRB2

Page179
DL Retransmission Scheduling
 DL retransmission adopts synchronized HARQ process, t
he minimal delay is 8 ms and maximum delay is 8+DrxRe
Txtimer ms
 Priority handling: Based on the waiting time, eNdoeB
determine the priority for retransmission.
 MCS selection & resource allocation: the same mechani
sm as initial transmission.
 eNodeB stop scheduling when retransmissions for all U
Es are complete or all resources are allocated.

Page180
Constraint of HARQ Retransmission
 HARQ retransmissions cannot be performed for a UE in
any of the following scenarios:
 The UE is in a measurement gap or enters a measurement
gap
 The UE enters sleep time in DRX
 The UE is not synchronized with the eNodeB or a radio l
ink failure (RLF) occurs

Page181
DL Initial Transmission Scheduling
 Of the remaining (EPF)
 GBR  Remove users which are
- CQI, PDB, GBR  In measurement gap
(QCI)
 In DRX mode
 Non-GBR
 Out of synch
- CQI, AMBR, Screen users/
Screen users/ bearers
bearers
Min_GBR, QCI  Remove the beares
which are:
 Experience HARQ
scheduling
Priority Calculation
Priority Calculation
 Fulfills GBR
 Fulfills AMBR
 Schedule users according to prio MCS Selection

MCS Selection
until until all RBs used up  By AMC mechanism,
 Frequency Selective eNodeB selects
Scheduling appropriate MCS to
- Sub band CQI maximum system
 Non-Frequency Diversity Resource Allocation
Resource Allocation
throughput.
Scheduling
- Wide band CQI

Page182
Scheduling Strategy for Initial Tr
ansmission
Schedulin
Application
g Effect Factor Scheduling Priority
Scenario
Strategy
The UE with better
To verify the
channel quality has a
Max C/I Channel quality maximum system
higher priority in
throughput
scheduling.
Each UE has equal To verify the upper
RR None opportunity to be limit of scheduling
scheduled. fairness
The UE with a small ratio
between the service rate To verify the
Service rate and
PF and channel quality has a system throughput
channel quality
higher priority in and fairness
scheduling.
Service rate,
channel quality, Intergraded priority with
In operating
EPF UE capability, service rate, UE category,
networks
and QoS QoS and CQI.
requirement
Page183
Priority of GBR Service Scheduling
 The priority of GBR service is determined by the foll
owing formula:

Pr iority GBR  f (CQI )  f ( delay
f(CQI): indicates the channel quality.
)
 f(delay): indicate packet delay budget which is specif
ied in 3GPP

Page184
Priority of Non-GBR Service Schedu
ling
 The priority of non-GBR service is determined by the following formu
la:
 eff: Indicates the channel quality

 Alpha: indicates the capacity adjustment factor for EPF (eRAN6.0 enhance
ment)
 r: indicates the historical number of transmitted bits for the UE per un
it of time
 : indicates scheduling priorities corresponding to diff
 QCI
erent QCIs
 f(delay): indicates the delay for the service to wait for sche
duling on the eNodeB side. Using a delay factor, the eNodeB co
nverges multiple DL data packets before sending them, which he
lps shorten the transmission delay of the non-GBR service pack
ets. (eRAN6.0 enhancement)
Page185
Capacity Factor (eRAN6.0 Enhancemen
t)
 Introduce a capacity factor to adjust the cell throug
hput and edge throughput.
 Factor > 1: More RBs tend to be allocated to the higher
SINR UE. The larger factor is, the higher cell total th
roughputs.
 Factor =1: Default setting. RBs tends to be allocated f
air.
 Factor <1: More RBs tend to be allocated to the lower S
INR UE to increase cell edge performance.

Page186
DL Non-GBR Packet Bundling (e RAN6
.0 Enhancement)
 Background: Many small packet traffic occupy more con
trol channel resources and decrease cell capacity
CCE CCE CCE
Packet1 Packet2 Packet3
Based on
delay control
PDCCH Converge
saved
CCE CCE CCE
RB assigned once
Packet1 + Packet2 + Packet3

Page187
QoS Guarantee
 GBR services take precedence over non-GBR services if
both services are running simultaneously, because no
n-GBR services have a lower priority than GBR service
s.
 Scheduler can ensure the PELR and PDB as well as the se
rvice rate for GBR services.
 Scheduler can ensure only the PELR for non-GBR services
and uses a best-effort policy in terms of the non-GBR s
ervice rates

Page188
Enhanced Proportion for Non-GBR
 When the Uu resources of a cell are congested, there
is a possibility that non-GBR services cannot be allo
cated resources if there is a larger proportion of GB
R services in the cell. Huawei allows operators to se
t the following parameters to address this issue:
 NonGbrResourceRatio: This parameter specifies the pre
set proportion of time-domain resources reserved for no
n-GBR services. (eRAN6.0 enhancement)
 DLminGbr: This parameter specifies the minimum service
rate for non-GBR services.

Page189
Enhanced Proportion for Non-GBR
(Cont.)
Congestion Congestion
Normal Normal Non-GBR avoid
Non-GBR is starving
Throughput (bps)
Throughput (bps)
starvation
100 100
K GBR K GBR
GBR GBR
Non-GBR Non-GBR Non-GBR

0K Non-GBR 0K
0 time 0 time
 In congestion scene, Non-GBR service  Non-GBR service should be

will be starving
protected when cell congestion.
 The priority of Non-GBR service
is lower than GBR service.  Resource reservation for non-GBR
services

Page190

Page191
Relevant Configuration (Cont.)

Page192
Contents
2. Downlink Scheduling

Page193
MCS Selection
 The eNodeB obtains the ITBS according to the adjusted CQI.( eNo
deB internal mapping )
 If frequency diversity scheduling is used, UE will adopt full ban
d CQI report
 If frequency selective scheduling is used, UE will adopt sub_band
CQI report
 If CQI adjustment is enabled, the eNodeB adjusts the CQI reported
by the UE and selects an MCS based on the adjusted CQI, otherwise
eNodeB use the original UE CQI report
 The eNodeB selects IMCS according to the mapping from ITBS to IMCS
. ( Specified in 3GPP)
 For the handover in UE, eNodeB use fixed MCS to ensure the qua
lity until eNodeB receives the valid CQI report

Page194
Classification CQI Report
 Regarding the delivery channel:
 Periodic CQI report: Delivered by PUCCH, the period is
configured by RRC
 Aperiodic CQI report: Delivered by PUSCH
 Regarding report bandwidth:
 Wide bandwidth CQI report: Reflect DL quality for whole
band
 Sub_band CQI report: Reflect DL quality for some sub_ba
nds,
 For 1.4 MHz bandwidth, it only supports wide band CQI repor
t

Page195
CQI Adjustment
 The UE-reported CQI cannot always reflect the actual
channel quality. Consider the following situations:
 The CQI reporting period is far greater than the schedu
ling period, which leads to a difference between the CQ
I at the reporting time and the CQI at the scheduling t
ime
 CQI report will be delayed due to the transmission dela
y and eNodeB process capability, If the CQI reporting d
elay is longer than the channel coherence time, the CQI
reported by the UE is inconsistent with the channel qua
lity at the time of scheduling.

Page196
CQI Adjustment (Cont.)
 If CqiAdjAlgoSwitch is set to Off, the DL CQI adjus
tment algorithm is not used. The scheduler selects an
MCS based on the reported CQI.
 If CqiAdjAlgoSwitch is set to ON, eNodeB adjusts th
e reported CQI, make the IBLER convergent with the ta
rget.

Page197
IBLER Target
 The IBLER target could be adjusted by eNodeB
 If DlVarIBLERtargetSwitch is set to OFF, eNodeB adopt
s 10% as IBLER target
 If DlVarIBLERtargetSwitch is set to ON, eNodeB adopts
30% as IBLER target

Page198
RB Calculation & Allocation
 RB calculation:
 The scheduler obtains the amount of data to be schedule
d and the ITBS and estimates the number of RBs to be sch
eduled based on the 3GPP specification
 Based on estimate RB number and remaining power, eNodeB
finally decide the RB number
 RB allocation:
 If frequency diversity scheduling is used, eNodeB allo
cate all the RB from lower end to the higher end of a f
requency band based on full band CQI report
 If frequency selective scheduling is used, eNodeB sched
ules the UEs to frequency bands with the optimum channe
l quality. This brings frequency selective gains.

Page199
Frequency Selective Scheduling Sch
eme
UE1 UEn UEn UE2 UEn … UE1 UEn UE2
1 RBG or 1 subband
UE1 12 10 9 6 8 … 13 6 5
UE2 11 12 … 8 10 6 … 6 5 8
…
UEn 10 13 10 9 11 … 10 7 5
 Required aperiod sub_band aperiod CQI report

 Calculate user’s priority in each sub-band with user queue
 Allocate the resource in each sub-band based on user queue

Page200
FSS VS FDS
FSS FDS

Page201
Contents

Page202
Contents
3. Uplink Scheduling

Page203
UL Scheduling Overview
UE eNodeB
Scheduling Request
(On PUCCH)
Periodic or BSR & PHR (OnPUSCH)
Event
triggered Scheduling
among UEs
UL grant
Logical Channel
Prioritization &
Multiplexing
UL data
 Scheduling on the uplink is more difficult than on the down

link
 Limited visibility of quantity of queued data per radio bearer
 Scheduler is unable to offer per-radio bearer grants

Page204
UL Scheduler in eNodeB

Page205
UL Scheduling Flow

Page206
UL Scheduling Resource Acquisition
 The PUSCH occupies the available UL resources in addi
tion to PUCCH and PRACH resources in the UL bandwidth
 The PUCCH occupies RBs at two ends of a cell bandwidth,
and the number of RBs depends on the resources used to
carry information on the PUCCH.
 The PRACH periodically occupies 6 RBs at an interval sp
ecified by a related parameter. Continuous UL resources
are allocated and the number of allocated RBs is, wher
e,, andare not minus integers.

Page207
Pre-reserved Resource on PUSCH
 The following resource should be reserved on PUSCH:
 Msg3 transmission: Msg3 is a special message during the
random access, to ensure the receiving performance, eNo
deB adopts the fixed MCS for transmission.
 SRS: Sounding reference signal occupies the last symbol
on PUSCH, the period of SRS is configurable.

Page208
Synchronized UL Retransmission

Page209
Control Plane Data Scheduling
 Similar as downlink, UL control plane data consists o
f SRB0,SRB1,SRB2 and IMS signaling
 Fixed MCS will be adopted to ensure receiving performan
ce

Page210
Initial Transmission Scheduling
 eNodeB scheduler determines the priority of each UE a
nd ensure the QoS for UE level.
 If multiple QCIs exists in UE, then UE scheduers dete
rmine the priority and QoS for each QCI

Page211
QoS Guarantee in eNodeB
 QoS guarantee
 Guarantee the bit rate requir
ement for GBR services with s
pecific logic channel group
 Enforce the Aggregate Maximu
m Bit Rate for Non-GBR servic
es.
 Minimum Bit Rate is set for
Non-GBR services to avoid sta
rvation
Adopt token
bucket algorithm
to guarantee the
QoS
Page212
Priority in eNodeB Scheduler
 After QoS elimination, eNodeB determines the priority
with the following formula:
 eff: Indicates the channel quality, evaluated by SRS me

asurement in eNodeB
 r: indicates the historical number of transmitted bits
for the UE per unit of time
 alpha: indicates the capacity adjustment factor for EPF
, same as DL scheduling
 : indicates the priority weight for each QCI, simi
 lar
QCI
as DL scheduling

Page213
Priority in UE Scheduler
Logical Channel PBR Priority
Type Configuration
QCI 1 8 kbyte/s Not configurable
QCI 2 to QCI 4 Configurable Not configurable
QCI 5 8kbyte/s Not configurable
QCI 6 to QCI 9 Configurable Configurable

Page214
UL Preallocation Scheduling
 Benefit: eNodeB proactively allocate resource to UE s
o that latency could be reduced.
 After GBR or min-GBR is guaranteed, if there is still
remaining resource, then preallocation could be perf
ormed for the UE with unsatisfied AMBR under the foll
owing scenarios:
 The UE is not scheduled within the current TTI.
 Preallocation weight is more than 0
 The UE meets the requirement for the minimum interval b
etween preallocations

Page215
Classification of Preallocation
 There are two preallocation mode in eNodeB
 Normal preallocation: Not supported for DRX status
 Smart preallocation: Support UE in DRX status. (eRAN6.0
enhancement)

Page216

Page217
Relevant Configuration (Cont.)

Page218
Contents
3. Uplink Scheduling

Page219
MCS Selection
Whether message 3
is transmitted on UL
SRS UCI UE
IBLER IBLER target transmission transmission capability
measurement
SRS SINR Adjusted Initial MCS

MCS adjustment
measurement adjustment SINR selection
Final MCS
 The process of determining MCSs for UL scheduling con

sists of three parts: SINR adjustment, initial MCS se
lection, and MCS adjustment

Page220
SINR Adjustment
 The SINR adjustment scheme is adopted to adjust the S
INR reported by the physical layer in order to correc
t the SINR measurement errors.

Page221
Resource Allocation
 The following info are required to determine number o
f RB
 Buffer report from UE
 Power headroom report from UE
 QoS satisfaction rate
 UE capability: Maximum data volume in each TTI

Page222
Contents

Page223
Scheduled User Statistic Monitorin
g

Page224
UE MCS/PRB Monitoring

Page225
Summary
 The functionality of scheduling
 Scheduling flow for DL and UL.
 Enhanced EPF scheduling in eNodeB.

Page226
Abbreviation
 BSR: Buffer Status Report
 CQI: Channel Quality Index
 EPF: Enhanced Proportional Fairness
 MCS: Modulation Coding Scheme
 PF: Proportional Fairness
 PHR: Power Headroom Report
 RR: Round Robin
 SINR: Signal Interference Ratio
 SR: Scheduling Request

Page227
Page228
LTE eRAN Handover Fe
ature
www.huawei.com

Objectives
 Describe the type of handover in LTE
 Describe the feature and parameters for intra-frequency
handover
 Describe the feature and parameters for inter-frequency
handover
 Describe the feature and parameters for inter-RAT hando
ver
 List relevant counters for handover

Page230
Contents
1. Technical Description
2. Intra-frequency Handover
3. Inter-frequency Handover
4. Inter-RAT Handover

Page231
Mobility Management Overview
Mobility Management
Idle State Connected State
Cell Reselection Handover Redirection
Intra-frequency Inter-frequency Inter-RAT

Page232
Redirection Introduction
 Redirection is the substitute solution for handover
,used in the following scenario:
 UE or network doesn’t support handover
 There is no neighbor relation
 When redirection is triggered, eNodeB sends the UE an
“RRC Connection Release” message which contains inf
ormation about a neighboring frequency in the LTE sys
tem or in another RAT system.

Page233
Handover Procedure & Entities
UE Capability UE Measurement
UE Capability Handling
Gap pattern control
Xxx Based Trigger Measurement Handling

MRO
Blind Handover
Neighbor Cell
Candidate Cell Filter Handover Decision Management
eNodeB
Handover
Handover Execution Entities

Page234
Handover Trigger Scenarios
Handover Type Measurement Trigger
Intra-frequency The measurement configuration is performed when the
UE establishes a radio bearer. The UE performs intra-
frequency measurements by default.
Coverage Inter-frequency The eNodeB delivers the measurement configuration to
based Inter-RAT the UE when the signal quality in the serving cell is lower
than the associated threshold.
Load Inter-frequency The measurements are triggered by the Mobility Load
based Inter-RAT Balancing (MLB) algorithm.
Frequenc Inter-frequency The measurements are triggered by A1 event
y-priority-
based
Service Inter-RAT The eNodeB triggers the measurements after it finds that
based Inter-frequency only the voice service is running on the UE.
UL Inter-RAT The eNodeB triggers the measurement after it detects UL
service Inter-frequency power insufficient at the UE
quality
Based
Distance Inter – The measurements are triggered by distance if it is more
based frequency than the specific threshold
Inter -RAT
Page235
Measurement Control Information
RRC Reconfiguration Message
 eNodeB should deliver all the measurement control par

ameters to UE via RRC reconfiguration, including meas
urement object, report configuration, measurement ID
and filter configuration .
 Besides, for inter-frequency/inter-RAT measurement, i
t also includes gap configuration for gap-assisted me
asurement.
Page236
Measurement Object – Frequency
Parameters Description
DlEarfcn Indicates the DL EARFCN of the inter-frequency E-
UTRAN cell
MeasBandWidt Indicates the measurement bandwidth for
h inter/intra-frequency neighboring cells
QoffsetFreq Indicates the frequency offset of the inter-
frequency neighboring cell
neighCellConfi Indicate whether all the neighbor have the same
g configuration or not
PresenceAnten Indicates whether all of the inter-frequency
naPort1 neighboring cells are configured with the double-
TX antenna.
High priority If we configure some specific neighbors as high
neighbor cell measurement priority, then eNodeB will deliver
list (Optional) these cells information as well .(New introduced in
eRAN6.0)
Page237
Event Triggered Report
Events Threshold Action
A1 Signal quality in the serving cell is higher The eNodeB stops inter-
than a specified threshold frequency or inter-RAT
measurements.
A2 Signal quality in the serving cell is lower than The eNodeB starts inter-
a specified threshold frequency or inter-RAT
measurements
A3 Signal quality in at least one intra- Source eNodeB sends an intra-
frequency/inter-frequency neighboring cell is frequency/inter-frequency
higher than that in the serving cell handover request.
A4 Signal quality is higher than a specified Source eNodeB sends an inter-
threshold in at least one inter-frequency frequency handover request.
neighboring cell
A5 A2 + A4 (New events in eRAN3.0) Source eNodeB sends an inter-
frequency handover request.
B1 Signal quality is higher than a specified source eNodeB sends an inter-
threshold in at least one inter-RAT RAT handover request.
neighboring cell
B2 A2 + B1 source eNodeB sends an inter-
RAT handover request.

Page238
Measurement Gap Configuration

Page239
Measurement Filleting Operation
 A: Measurement value at the physical layer

 B: Measurement value obtained after L1 filtering.
 C :Measurement value obtained after L3 filtering.

Page240
eNodeB Neighbor Management
cdma2000 Intra-frequency
neighbor
UMTS Inter-frequency
Neighbor
Black Cell Neighbor neighbor
Management
Inter-RAT
neighbor
LTE2.6G
GSM
Neighbor Black
cell
LTE2.6G
LTE 800M

Page241
Contents

Page243
Intra-frequency Handover Procedure
Measurement Triggers eNodeB Makes Decision eNodeB Performs
(Coverage Based) Handover
Measurement Configuration Event Triggered Periodical Admission Procedure
message Reporting Signaling Procedure Execution
Measurement RSRP/RSRQ
Intra-eNodeB cell has higher Retry Mechanism (attempt to
Event A3
priority to reduce Inter- next target cell in
Black cell list
eNodeB signaling or data measurement report list)
If criteria is matched, UE sends
forwarding.
measurement report.
Via S1 or X2
Measurement Decision Execution

Phase Phase Handover

Page244
Intra-Frequency Measurement Trigge
r
 After UE attachment, eNodeB sends RRC reconfiguration
message which includes intra-frequency measurement c
ontrol info which assist UE to perform intra-frequenc
y measurement
It contains all the intra-
frequency measurement and
report configuration, including
A1(optional), A2(optional)
and A3(mandatory) event.
Trace from eNodeB

Page245
Element Introduction – Measuremen
t Object
Optional part

Page246
Element Introduction – Report Con
figuration

Page247
Element Introduction – Measurement
ID
 Based on the object and report configuration, eNodeB

creates one or more measurement ID linked with object
ID and report ID. And this ID should be also included
in the UE report, so eNodeB can differentiate each re
ports

Page248
Element Introduction – Filter Config
uration
 This filtering is performed by RRC, smoothing measureme

nt to resist fast fading effect. A larger value of this
parameter indicates a stronger smoothing effect and hig
her resistance to fast fading, but it may weaken the tr
acing capability towards varying signals

Page249
Event A3 Measurement Report
 Intra-frequency handover is triggered by event A3, wh

ich is reported in event-triggered periodical reporti
ng mode.
 Enter condition: Mn + Ofn + Ocn – Hys > Ms + Ofs + Ocs
+ A3Off
 Leave condition: Mn + Ofn + Ocn + Hys < Ms + Ofs + Ocs
+ A3Off
Page250
Measurement Report
How to differentiate each measurement report??
 In the measurement report, it shows the ID to indicat

e the type of report

Page251
Handover Decision – Filtering Lis
t
Obtain candidate list
Measurement Report
Decide target cell
 After receive measurement report, eNodeB makes candid

ate list after filtering the following
 Neighboring cells that have a different PLMN from the s
erving cell if the inter-PLMN
 Neighboring cells with a handover prohibition flag

Page252
Handover Decision – Target Decisi
on
 After get candidate list, eNodeB will rank the list w
ith the following priority:
 The best RSRP/RSRQ neighbor cell
 Intra-eNodeB neighbor cell if reported result is the sa
me
 Inter-eNdoeB neighbor cell with X2 interface if reporte
d result is the same.
 The eNodeB then sends a handover request to the targe
t cell at the top of the candidate cell list.If the h
andover request fails, the eNodeB sends the handover
request to the next target cell.

Page253
Handover Execution – S1/X2 Adapti
on

Page254
Retry and Penalty
 If admission failure with target eNodeB, source eNodeB wil
l try the next target until it gets succeed feedback from
it. If all the target are failed for handover preparation,
source eNodeB will wait for the next UE report.
 The eNodeB imposes a penalty on a cell where a non-resourc
e-induced admission failure has occurred. In a handover at
tempt, the eNodeB does not send a handover request to such
a cell. This increases the handover success rate and reduc
es the number ofdropped calls caused by handover failures.

Page255
Measurement Report
 This command is used to modify the parameters for mea

surement report

Page256
A3 Event Parameters – Cell Offset
Evaluate neighbor
cell measurement
Evaluate serving
cell measurement

Page257
A3 Event Parameters – Service Bas
ed

Page258
Typical Handover Flow

Page259
RRC Reestablishment Procedure
Handover Random RRC

Cell search
Failure access reestablishment

Page261
Contents

Page262
Classification of Inter-frequency
Handover
Measurement report (A2)
Inter-frequency measurement activate

Handover command
Handover command
Measurement based HO Blind Ho
 Measurement based handover: HO must be trigged by int

er-frequency measurement report
 Blind handover: Skip inter-frequency measurement, dir
ectly execute HO based on priority configuration

Page263
Inter-frequency Handover Procedur
e
Measurement Triggers Measurement eNodeB Makes eNodeB Performs
(Coverage Based) Decision Handover
GAP-Assisted Measurement Event Triggered Periodical
UE Reporting Event A2 to Admission Procedure
Reporting
trigger inter-frequency Execution
Event Triggered Periodical
measurement based on Reporting A3/A4/A5 Retry Mechanism (attempt to
Single or both of RSRP /
coverage RSRQ considered to make next target cell in
Single or both of decision measurement report list) If
RSRP/RSRQ monitored to Admission or Handover
trigger IF measurement Via S1 or X2 Failure
Stop measuring when Event
A1 is met
Measurement Measurement Decision Execution

Trigger Phase Phase Handover

Measurement Trigger
 Coverage-based handover
 Measurement trigger : A2 event
 Measurement stop: A1 event
 Load- based handover
 The triggering and stopping of inter-frequency measurements for
load-based handover are determined by the MLB algorithm. When th
e load of the serving cell reaches the threshold for inter-frequ
ency load balancing, the MLB algorithm selects a number of UEs b
ased on the frequency capabilities of the UEs, ARPs, and resourc
e usage and then instructs the UEs to perform gap-assisted inte
r-frequency measurements for load-based handovers or blind hando
ver.
 Frequency priority – based handover
 Measurement trigger: A1 event
 Measurement stop: A2 event

Page265
Measurement Trigger (Con.)
 Service based
 The eNodeB triggers the measurements after identifying
the UE having certain service characteristics.
 UL quality based
 The eNodeB triggers the measurements after it detects u
nsatisfactory UL quality for the UE.
 Distance-based
 The eNodeB triggers the measurements after it detects t
hat the reported TA exceeds a threshold

Page266
Measurement Object Configuration
 Measurement object
 The information on a measurement object includes the fr
equency, measurement bandwidth , and frequency-specific
offset

Page267
Coverage Based Measurement Trigger
Moves to Moves out
neighbor LTE of LTE
cell coverage
LTE
GSM/UMTS
Coverage
Intra-LTE Inter-RAT
According to radio link condition (LTE: RSRP/RSRQ)
 Enter condition: Ms + Hys < Specific A2 Threshold

 Leave condition: Ms – Hys > Specific A2 Threshold

Page268
Coverage Based Measurement Stop
 Enter condition: Ms – Hys > Specific A1 Threshold

 Leave condition: Ms + Hys > Specific A1 Threshold

Page269
Enhanced A2 Event for FDD/TDD (eRA
N6.0)
Operator A A2_FDD threshold:
Trigger Operator A’s UE FDD Inter-Freq Measure
Operator B A2_FDD threshold:
Trigger Operator B’s UE FDD Inter-Freq Measure
Operator A A2_TDD threshold:

Trigger Operator A’s UE TDD Inter-Freq Measure
Operator B A2_TDD threshold:

Trigger Operator B’s UE TDD Inter-Freq Measure
 Application scenario: Used for RAN sharing

 Benefit: Flexible policy configure for MOCN(Multiple Operator Core Netw
ork) operator
 Prior to Inter-Freq FDD or TDD cell
 Every operator can set different event A2 threshold

Page270
Blind HO A2 Event (eRAN6.0 Enhance
ment)
A2_measure threshold: Trigger Inter-Freq Measure
A2_Blind threshold: Trigger Blind Redirection
 In coverage based inter-frequency handover, eNdoeB will deliv

er another A1/A2 threshold to trigger or stop blind handover.
 In the following case, eNodeB only deliver blind handover A1/
A2 threshold, not normal A1/A2 threshold
 UE doesn’t support inter-frequency or inter-RAT measurement
 Normal A2 threshold is less than blind handover A2 threshold

Page271
Load Based Management Trigger
It is typically used for co-site
scenario
The procedure of
HO Execute is
same as coverage
based HO

Page272
Frequency Priority Based Measureme
nt Trigger
High Priority
LTE 2600MHz
LTE 900MHz
Low Priority
Meeting radio
A1 Event threshold
 Enter condition: Ms – Hys > Specific A1 Threshold

 Leave condition: Ms + Hys < Specific A1 Threshold

Page273
Service Based Measurement Trigger
Handover voice service when E-RAB established to
Inter-freq UE eNB
 To improve efficiency and capacity of whole system

 To save the investment at the beginning of LTE UE initiate service
E-RAB Initial
Only VoIP
Handover to E-RAB
dedicate frequency Y
according to HO
service Measurement
Measurement
Configuration
F1 Event A4
Measure Report
F2
HO Decision
HO Execute

Page274
Distance Based Measurement Trigger
Note: The neighbor distance with exceed a threshold is considered as

abnormal neighbor which can not be configured in NRT

Page276
UL Quality Based Measurement Trigge
r
1. MCS < MCS_threshold (5QPSK 1/3) F1
IBLER > IBLER threshold (20%)
2. Sends target cell and 2

instructs UE to initiate 1
GAP measurement
4
3. Sends GAP measurement
report to the eNodeB F2 3
4. Instruct UE to HO
 1. eNodeB evaluates MCS and IBLER of uplink

 2. eNdodeB triggers inter-frequency measurement
 3. UE report inter-frequency measurement result
 4. HO is trigged by eNodeB

Page277
Measurement Activation/Deactivatio
n
Measurement Activate Measurement Deactivate
 After eNodeB receive the report of A2/A1, it will act

ivate or stop inter-frequency measurement via another
RRC reconfiguration message.

Page278
Inter-frequency Handover Report Ev
ent
 For coverage based scenario:
 A3/A4/A5 can be used to trigger inter-frequency HO, dec
ided by InterFreqHoEventType parameter
 For the other scenario:

 Only A4 event can be used
 A5 event is recommend to prevent pingpong handover

Page279
Event A3
 Event A3 in inter-frequency handovers uses the same s
et of parameters with that in intra-frequency handove
rs, except the offset and frequency-specific offset.
 Enter condition: Mn + Ofn + Ocn – Hys > Ms + Ofs + Ocs
+ A3Off
 Leave condition: Mn + Ofn + Ocn + Hys < Ms + Ofs + Ocs
+ A3Off

Page280
Event A4/A5
 A4 enter condition: Mn + Ofn + Ocn – Hys > Specific A4 Threshold

 A4 leave condition: Mn + Ofn + Ocn + Hys < Specific A4 Threshold
 A5 enter condition: Mn + Ofn + Ocn – Hys > Specific A4 Threshold a
nd Ms + Ofs + Ocs + Hys < Specific A2 Threshold
 A5 leave condition: Mn + Ofn + Ocn – Hys < Specific A4 Threshold o
r Ms + Ofs + Ocs + Hys > Specific A1Threshold

Page281
Relevant Configuration – Common P
arameters

Page282
Relevant Configuration – QCI Base
d Threshold
A1/A2
parameters
A4 parameters
Frequency
based A1/A2
configuration

Page283
Relevant Configuration – Special
A1A2 Threshold
Special A2
threshold for
FDD/TDD
target
Special A1/A2
threshold for
coverage based
blind handover

Page284
Contents
2. Intra-frequency Handover Description
3. Inter-frequency Handover Description
4. Inter-RAT Handover Description

Page285
Inter-RAT Handover Procedure
Measurement Triggers Measurement eNodeB Makes Decision eNodeB Performs
Event Triggered Periodical Handover
(Coverage Based)
GAP-Assisted Measurement Reporting
UE Reporting Event A2 to Admission Procedure
To be considered to make
trigger inter-frequency Signaling Procedure Execution
Event Triggered Periodical decision:
measurement based on RSCP or Ec/No for UMTS Retry Mechanism (attempt to
Reporting B1/B2 (for
coverage U/G/C) Rx_Level for GSM next target cell in
Pilot Strength for CDMA2000
Single or both of RSRP / measurement report list) if
RSRQ monitored to trigger admission or handover
IF measurement failure
Stop measuring when Event
A1 is met
Measurement Measurement Decision Execution

Trigger Phase Phase Handover
Page286
Measurement Trigger
 Coverage based:
 The same as inter-frequency handover, use event A2/A1
 Enhanced A1A2 threshold for UTRAN and GERAN (eRAN6.0 en
hancement)
 Load based/Distance based/UL quality based
 The same as inter-frequency handover
 Service based
 In a service-based handover, the eNodeB hands over a UE
to another system based on the type of the service runn
ing on the InterRatHoStateUE.
 The applicability of handover is set through the parame
ter, whose values are MUST_HO, NO_HO, and PERMIT_HO.

Page287
Service Based HO Configuration

Page288
Measurement Object
System Object Parameters
RSCP InterRATHoUtranB1ThdRSCP for
coverage-based handovers
LdSvBasedHoUtranB1ThdRSCP for load
and service-based handovers
UMTS
Ec/No InterRATHoUtranB1ThdEcN0 for
coverage-based handovers
LdSvBasedHoUtranB1ThdECN0 for load-
and service-based handovers
InterRATHoGeranB1Thd for coverage-
based handovers
GERAN RSSI LdSvBasedHoGeranB1Thd for load and
service-based handovers
cdma200 Pilot InterRATHoCDMAB1ThdPS for coverage-
0 Strengt based handovers
h

Page289
Inter-RAT Handover Event
 For coverage based scenario:
 B1 and B2 can be used and decided by InterRatHoEventTy
pe
 For the other scenario:
 Only B1 is supported

Page290
B1/B2 Event
 B1 enter condition: Mn + Ofn – Hys > Specific B1 Threshold

 B1 leave condition: Mn + Ofn + Hys < Specific B1 Threshold
 B2 enter condition: Mn + Ofn – Hys > Specific B1 Threshold and Ms + Ofs + Ocs + Hys <
Specific A2 Threshold
 B2 leave condition: Mn + Ofn – Hys < Specific B1 Threshold or Ms + Ofs + Ocs + Hys > S
pecific A2 Threshold

Page291
Inter-RAT HO Common Configuration

Page292
Report Configuration – Common A1A
2

Page293
Report Configuration – Dedicated
A2 For RAT

Page294
Report Configuration – GSM & UMTS
GSM
UMTS

Page295
Handover Execution
LTE PS 2G(GPRS)/3G PS LTE VOIP 2G/3G CS LTE PS GSM PS
PS handover SRVCC CCO/NACC

Page296
E-UTRAN to UTRAN CS/PS Steering
 Application scenarios: Multiple frequencies are deployed
in UTRAN to separate CS/PS traffic. The function will be
applied during inter_RAT handover to UTRAN and CSFB to UT
RAN scenario
 Feature benefit: We can set the UTRAN frequency priority
based on the service type (CS or PS)
 In case of measurement based handover: eNodeB just deliver th
e high priority frequency for UE measurement based on service
type so that UE doen’t need to measure all frequencies.
 In case of blind handover: eNodeB selects the target with hig
h frequency priority based on service type.

Page297
How to Enable the Feature
 Activate the feature in the license, the control item
is “E-UTRAN to UTRAN CS/PS Steering”
 Turn on relevant switch:
 Prerequisite switches should be turned on, including
“UtranPsHoSwitch” and “UtranCsfbSwitch” ; If blind
handover is used, one additional switch “BlindHoSwitc
h” should be turned on as well
 Turn on the dedicated switch for steering: “FreqLayerS
wtich”

Page298
Relevant MML – Algorithm Switch
Generic switch for UTRAN
PS handover and blind
CSFB switch for CS handover
steering
Switch for PS/CS steering

Page299
Relevant MML – CS/PS Steering P
riority

Page300
LTE-GSM/UMTS PS Handover Flow

Page301
LTE – GSM/UMTS SRVCC Flow

Page302
LTE – GSM CCO/NACC Flow

Page303
Summary
 The typical handover application scenario
 The procedure of handover
 Event type used for each handover
 Relevant parameters

Page304
Abbreviations
 CCO: Cell Change Order
 CIO: Cell Individual Offset
 NACC: Network Assistant Cell Change
 SRVCC: Single Radio Voice Call Continuity

Page305
Page306
LTE eRAN MIMO Feature
www.huawei.com

Foreword
 LTE MIMO feature include:
 Benefits Provided by MIMO
 Classification of MIMO in eRAN2.1
 UL MIMO
 DL MIMO

Page308
Objectives
 Describe the benefits provided by MIMO
 Describe the function of UL MRC and IRC receiver
 Describe the function UL MU-MIMO
 Describe the DL MIMO mode
 Describe adaptive switch of DL MIMO

Page309
Contents
1. MIMO Feature Overview
2. UL MIMO in eNodeB
3. DL MIMO in eNodeB

Page310
Introduce of MIMO
 Trend : Desire of higher throughput
 Solution:
 Higher bandwidth: Now 20MHz is supported and further 10
0Mhz can be achieved in LTE advanced, but it will be li
mited
 Higher MCS scheme: Now 64 QAM is used and further 256 Q
AM will be introduced in LTE advanced, but it will be l
imited
 MIMO is technology based on spatial domain, achieve the
obvious improvement of throughput

Page311
Benefit of MIMO
 Spatial multiplexing gain
 Improve system peak throughput
 Diversity gain
 Decrease probability of deep path feeding, thus get the
additional gain
 Array gain
 Improve SINR of cell edge
 Co-channel interference reduction gain
 Applicable for high interference scenario, gain is achi
eved from interference mitigation

Page312
Spatial Multiplexing Gain
 Spatial multiplexing gain is a throughput gain
achieved by adding spatial channels (that is, by
adding antennas) without increasing the total
bandwidth and total TX power.
TX RX TX RX
Multi-
Path
Scatter

Page313
Diversity Gain
 The probability of deep fading after signal combining
is reduced greatly, and the diversity gain is
achieved.

Page314
Array Gain
 Array gain is a power gain achieved by combining
signals from different antennas based on the
correlation between signals and the non-correlation
between noises.

Page315
Co-channel Interference Reduction
Gain
 Interference mitigation methods can achieve the co-
channel interference reduction gain by minimizing
the interference gain and maximizing the signal
gain.
 Co-channel interference reduction gain is achieved
by using interference rejection combining (IRC) or
other interference mitigation methods.

Page316
Classifications of MIMO
 LTE support variable MIMO scheme with different
aspect
 Based on whether the transmitter feedback channel
information:
 Open-loop MIMO : Just feedback CQI and rank(Optional)
 Closed-loop MIMO: Beside CQI and rank, PMI is also
required
 Based on the number of spatial data streams
transmitted at the same time:
 Spatial diversity: only 1 data stream for each user,
rank=1
Page317
MIMO Modes Supported by eRAN6.0(FD
D)
 UL MIMO:
 Receive diversity:
 1x2 (Basic feature)
 1x4
 MU-MIMO :2x2 or 2x4
 DL MIMO:
 Open-loop transmit diversity (OL-TD)
 Closed-loop transmit diversity (CL-TD)
 Open-loop spatial multiplexing (OL-SM)
 Closed-loop spatial multiplexing (CL-SM)

Page318
Device Configuration
 RRU Configuration
 Sector Configuration

Page319
Contents
2. UL MIMO
3. DL MIMO

Page320
Contents
2 . UL MIMO
2.1 Receive Diversity
2.2 MU-MIMO

Page321
Principle of Receive Diversity
 Receive diversity is a diversity scheme in which each
UE uses one antenna for transmission and occupies a t
ime domain resource different from other UEs while th
e eNodeB uses multiple antennas for reception and com
bines signals from these antennas.

Page322
Signal Combining in Receive Divers
ity
 The algorithms of signal combining in receive diversi
ty include MRC and IRC. Both provide the diversity ga
in and array gain.
 The MRC receiver and the IRC receiver are application
s of a theoretical model named MMSE receiver in diffe
rent interference environments.

Page323
MRC and IRC
MRC IRC
The MMSE receiver is MRC receiver The MMSE receiver is IRC receiver
when the interference and noise are when there is high interference in the
spatially white. environments.
Assuming that both interference and

noise are spatially white, the MRC Assuming that colored interference
receiver meets the MMSE criterion exists, the IRC receiver meets the
by using the maximum ratio MMSE criterion by mitigating
combining algorithm. interference during signal combining.
When there is no spatially colored When there is spatially colored
interference, the eNodeB selects interference, the eNodeB selects IRC.
MRC.

Page324
MRC/IRC Adaptive Switch

Page325
Contents
2 . UL MIMO
2.1 Receive Diversity
2.2 MU-MIMO

Page326
Principle of MU-MIMO
 The number of UEs cannot exceed the number of eNodeB
RX antennas in MU-MIMO mode.

Page327
UE Pairing in MU-MIMO
 UE pairing in MU-MIMO is a process in which the eNode
B scheduler tries to select a pair of most appropriat
e UEs for transmission.
 The eNodeB performs UE paring in each TTI. The phases
are as follows:
SINR measurement
Candidate UE selection
UE pairing
Scheduling

Page328
Adaptive Mode Selection and Switch
ing
 If the channel SINRs are high and the channels a
re approximately orthogonal, the eNodeB selects
MU-MIMO. Otherwise, the eNodeB selects receive d
iversity.

Page329
Receiver Technology for MU-MIMO
 For 2x2 MU-MIMO
 Default receiver: MRC
 Optional receiver: PSIC (Parallel Soft Interference Can
cellation)
 For 2x4 MU-MIMO
 Same as UL diversity receive, both MRC and IRC could be
used

Page330
PSIC Advanced Receiver (eRAN6.0 En
hancement)
 Gain of PSIC receiver
 IUI(inter user interference) cancellation: Reduce the i
nterference between paired UEs. The interference cancel
lation effect depends on the correlation between users
as well as the detection and decoding performance.
 ISI(inter symbol interference) cancellation: PSIC reduc
es ISI, which is caused by frequency selective fading,
to improve demodulation performance. The interference c
ancellation effect depends on the ISI degree as well as
the equalization and decoding performance.

Page331
Contents
2. UL MIMO
3. DL MIMO

Page332
Contents
3 . DL MIMO
3.1 DL MIMO Implementation
3.2 DL MIMO Introduction
3.3 Adaptive Switch

Page333
DL OFDM Signal Generation

Page334
Layer Mapping

Page335
Why Precoding
In ideal conditions, the

layer data, after being
precoded and passed
through spatial channels, is
equivalent to a group of
independent parallel data
without interfering with each
other

Page336
Transmission Modes
 Mode 1 - Single-Antenna transmission, port 0, no MIMO
 Mode 2 - Open-loop transmit diversity
 Mode 3 - Open-loop spatial multiplexing
 Mode 4 - Closed-loop spatial multiplexing
 Mode 5 - Multi user MIMO (more than one UE is assigne
d to the same resource block)
 Mode 6 - Close-loop transmit diversity
 Mode 7 - Single-antenna port, port 5 (beam forming)

Page337
Transmission Modes (Cont.)
Mode
Name Description
No.
In OL-TD mode, the diversity gain can be achieved.
Space-frequency block coding (SFBC) is used in the case
Mode 2 OL-TD of two TX antennas. The combination of SFBC and
frequency switched transmit diversity (FSTD) is used in
the case of four TX antennas.
In OL-SM mode, the UE does not need to report
precoding information. When the rank is equal to 1, OL-
SM is equivalent to OL-TD. When the rank is equal to 2,
Mode 3 OL-SM
3, or 4, OL-SM maps data streams onto different layers
and performs large-delay cyclic delay diversity (CDD)
precoding.
In CL-SM mode, the UE needs to report precoding
Mode 4 CL-SM
information. It performs zero-delay CDD precoding.
Mode 6 CL-TD CL-TD is equivalent to CL-SM (rank = 1, precoding).

Page338
Contents
3 . DL MIMO
3.1 DL MIMO Implementation
3.3 Adaptive Switch

Page339
Overview of Transmit Diversity
 Transmit diversity is a diversity scheme in which
multiple antennas are used for signal transmission
and multiple versions of the same signal with
different fading degrees are combined at the RX end.
 Transmit diversity is classified into OL-TD (mode 2)
and CL-TD (mode 6) based on whether the channel
information reported by the UE is used.

Page340
Transmit Diversity Layer Mapping
 Layer means the transmit antenna number in the

transmit diversity mode.
 Rank must be one.

Page341
OL TD – SFBC (2 ANTs)
 Open-loop transmit diversity uses the SFBC technique in
the case of two TX antennas.
 Transmits signals x1 on subcarrier f1 of antenna TX1

 Transmits signals x2 on subcarrier f2 of antenna TX1
 Transmits signals –x2* on subcarrier f1 of antenna TX2
 Transmits signals x1* on subcarrier f2 of antenna TX2

Page342
OL TD – SFBC + FSTD (4 ANTs)
 Open-loop transmit diversity uses SFBC+FSTD technique in the case of four TX anten
nas.
 Transmits signals x1 and x2 on subcarriers f1 and f2 of antenna TX1 respectively

 Transmits signals x3 and x4 on subcarriers f3 and f4 of antenna TX2 respectively
 Transmits signals –x2* and x1* on subcarriers f1 and f2 of antenna TX3 respective
ly
 Transmits signals –x4* and x3* on subcarriers f3 and f4 of antenna TX4 respective
ly

Page343
Close-Loop Transmit Diversity
 Closed-loop transmit diversity (CL-TD) (mode 6) is equ
ivalent to CL-SM (rank = 1)

Page344
Overview of Spatial Multiplexing
 Spatial multiplexing is a technique in which multiple
antennas are used to transmit spatial data streams in
the same time domain and frequency domain.
 Spatial multiplexing increases the system capacity and
provides the spatial multiplexing gain.
 Spatial multiplexing is classified into OL-SM (mode 3)
and CL-SM (mode 4) based on whether precoding informat
ion is reported by the UE.

Page345
Spatial Multiplexing Layer Mapping
 One layer means an independent data steams. Through layer

mapping data streams are divided into many different parallel
data steams.
Page346
Precoding for CL- SM
 CL-SM uses zero-delay CDD precoding, according to 3GP
P specifications
 The precoding matrix is reported by UE
 Precoding provides the spatial multiplexing gain if the
interval between UE reports on the precoding informatio
n (for example, precoding matrix indication (PMI) is no
t too long. CL-SM is applicable to slowly moving UEs.

Page347
Codebook for Zero-Delay CDD
For open-loop
use
For closed-loop use
Codebook for 4 ANTs, Codebook for 2 ANTs
Copyright © 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 348
Page348
OL-SM Precoding – Large Delay CDD
 OL-SM provides the diversity gain in addition to the spatial multiplexi
ng gain because it uses large-delay CDD precoding, according to 3GPP sp
ecifications.
y (i )  W (i ) D (i )Ux (i )
 The purpose of large delay CDD precoding and unitary matrix is to
make radio condition of each layer to be equal which can reduce
uplink feedback signaling. It is applicable for high movement sc
enarios that which can overcome the feeding caused by the delay.
Both multiplexing gain and diversity gain can be achieved.
 It is only valid in case of rank= 2, 3 or 4
 When the rank is equal to 1, OL-SM is same as of OL-TD

Page349
Large-Delay Cyclic Delay Diversity
j denotes the sub-carrier index. Different sub-

carrier uses different phase shift. In the time
domain, the time delay will be different.

Page350
Contents
3 . DL MIMO
3.1 DL MIMO Realization
3.5 Adaptive Switch

Page351
Application Scenarios of MIMO Mode
s
Moving Speed
OL-TD (mode OL-SM (mode

2) 3)
CL-TD (mode 6) CL-SM (mode

4)
SINR

Page352
Selection & Switch of MIMO Scheme
 The eNodeB can select the most appropriate MIMO mode
based on actual conditions and switch one mode to ano
ther. There are four selection and switching schemes:
 Open-loop and closed-loop adaptive scheme
 Open-loop SM/TD adaptive scheme
 Closed-loop SM/TD adaptive scheme
 Fixed scheme

Page353
Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Adaptive Sc
heme

Page354
Maximum Rank Configuration (eRAN6.
0 Enhancement)

Page355
MIMO Adaptive Switch Configuration
Open loop and closed loop adaptive switch, rank adaptive among rank 1,2,3 or 4
Closed loop adaptive switch, rank adaptive among rank 1,2,3 or 4

Page356
Related Command (Cont.)
Open loop adaptive switch, rank adaptive among rank 1, 2, 3 or 4
Fixed MIMO scheme

Page357
Summary
 The benefit of MIMO
 UL MIMO receiver technologies
 DL transmission mode
 MIMO adaptive switching principle

Page358
Abbreviation
 IRC: Interference Rejection Combing
 MMSE: Minimum Mean Square Error
 MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output
 MRC: Maximum Ratio Combining
 PSIC: Parallel Soft Interference Cancellation

Page359

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LTE eRAN Basic Feature

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Frame synchronization and

System message reception

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Device can identify Cell ID and

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Criteria for cell selection

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Note: if priority indicator is set Not CFG, then UE do

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Serving cell Neighbor cell

R_N > R_S

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No need consider serving

Criteria for Rx quality based (only for LTE&UMTS):

Criteria for Rx level based (For all system) :

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Both serving cell and

Criteria based on Rx level (for all system)

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