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System
Introduction
1. Boiling point of the water is a function of pressure. At atmospheric pressure water boils at 100 deg. C.
When maintained at high vacuum, water will boil and subcool itself. The boiling point of the water at
6 mmHg (abs) is 3.7 deg. C.
How do the chillers work ?
2. Lithium Bromide (LiBr) has the property to absorb water due to its chemical affinity. At higher
concentration and lower temperature LiBr absorbs water vapour (refrigerant vapour) very effectively.
How do the chillers work ?
3. As Lithium Bromide becomes dilute it loses its capacity to absorb water vapour. It thus needs to be
reconcentrated using a heat source. Heat source may be Steam or Flue gases or even Hot water.
Vapour Absorption Chillers: Types
* At -10 oC
** At Standard Atmospheric Pressure (101.325 kPa)
Performance Assessment
Compressor kW
Chilled water pump kW
Condenser water pump kW
Cooling tower fan kW
Cold Insulation
Building Envelop
Building Heat Loads
Process Heat Loads Minimisation
Flow optimization and Heat transfer area increase
to accept higher temperature coolant
Avoiding wastages like heat gains, loss of chilled
water, idle flows
Frequent cleaning / de-scaling of all heat
exchangers
Cold Insulation
Difference in temperature Heat ingress Exposed area per
between ambient and Kcal/m2/hr tonne of refrigeration
surface
5 35 86
10 73 41
15 113 27
20 154 19
Basis:
Ambient temperature - 35OC, emissivity – 0.8, still air conditions
Allowable heat ingress – 10 –15 Kcal/m2/hr
Order of preference
Cooling water ChilledWater Brine
Energy saving measures in A/c System
Comfort conditions: 25OC, 55 % RH
Minimize heat load through glass windows
Provide sun control film, Use double glass
Insulate roof top in A/C Building
Provide under deck insulation of 50 mm, Provide lawns at roof top
Optimize fresh air supply into a/c room
Conduct CO2 study to optimize fresh air quantity
10-15 cfm/person or 0.25 cfm/sq..ft as per ASHRAE
Minimise artificial lighting
Use natural lighting , 3.5 kw lighting consumes 1.0 TR load
Provide controls
install thermostat to control peak and base load
Provide VSD for AHU with return air temp.sensor-set at 25oC
Air tight the building envelop
prevent cold air leakage, Provide door closures
Avoid heat producing equipments inside the room
keep away UPS Battery , ovens, other loads
Efficient operation & maintenance