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Master Plan:

"A Master Plan is the long term perspective plan for guiding the
sustainable planned development of the city.

This document lays down the planning guidelines, policies,

development code and space requirements for various socio-
economic activities supporting the city population during the
plan period.

It is also the basis for all infrastructure requirements.“

A master plan is a long term (20 -25 years) written document

supported by necessary maps and diagrams providing the state
government the goals, policies, strategies and general programmes
of the urban local authority regarding spatio-economic development
of the settlement under its governance.

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Goals and Objectives:

The basic purpose of a perspective plan is to provide a policy
framework for further detailing and it serves as a guide for urban local
authority in preparation of the development plan.

A perspective plan should generally be for a period of 20 years and the

plan period of 20-25 years should be so adjusted that it coincides with
the term of the national/state five year plans. This will facilitate
integration of spatial and economic policy planning initiatives.

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Goals and Objectives:

It is basically a policy document. It provides the basis for a programme to
accomplish certain aims and objectives, and to satisfy the aspirations of
the community. The plan should aim;
1.To create an environment which is functional, efficient, healthy and
aesthetically satisfying for human activities.
2.To promote the larger interests of the community as a whole.
3.To serve as a policy framework to fulfill the needs and aspirations of
the community.
4.To co-ordinate the physical, economic, social and political forces that
govern the structure of the community and the technical means to regulate
it.
5.To formulate long-term and short-term action programmes with a view
to injecting long-term considerations into short -term actions.

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Scope and contents:

The scope of this plan covers social, economic and spatial
development goals, policies and priorities relating to all those urban
activities that have spatial implications or, in other words, that require
land for their location and desired functioning.
It also covers long-term policies regarding development of
infrastructure and resource mobilization that are necessary to promote
these urban activities.
Great care is always taken in this plan to minimize the conflict
between the environment protection and urban development.

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Scope and contents:

Content of perspective plans of small and medium size town:
Perspective plan should generally contain the following major heads,
1.Existing characteristics and potentials of the town when synthesized
would form the basis for identification of the policy issues;
2.Projected requirements and assessment of deficiencies.
3.Development aims and objectives; and
4.Policies, strategies, general programmes and priorities.

Sub-heads:
Existing conditions and development issues:
1)Physical characteristics and natural resources
• Location and regional setting
• Climate
• Existing generalized Landuse
• Environmentally sensitive areas
• Heritage sites, buildings and areas

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Scope and contents:

2.demography
• existing population, migration and household
characteristics.

3.Economic base and employment:

•Formal sector
• Primary: urban agriculture, mining, quarrying, etc.
• Secondary: industries, trade, commerce, etc.
• Tertiary: transport and other services.
•Informal sector and urban poverty alleviation, informal trade, commerce,
transport, household industries.

4.Housing and shelter (both formal and informal)

5.Transportation:
• Mode of transportation – by road, rail, air, water as the
case may be
• Network of roads, railways, waterways and their
interrelationship with major activity nodes.
• Transport terminals.
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Scope and contents:

6. Facilities like
• Education
• Health care
• Recreation
• Religious
7. Infrastructure
• Water,
• Energy
• Drainage, sanitation and refuse and solid waste disposal
• Communication
• Police protection, fire protection
• Cremation and graveyards
8. Any special problems like disasters, both natural and
9. man-made Resources
• fiscal
• Manpower
• Land

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Scope and contents:

10.Development management
institutional set -up legal support, inter-department cooperation and
integration of development efforts.
11.Major policy issues

Projected requirements:
1. Assessment of projected requirements should be for a
period of 20- 25 years and it should further be classified under
periods of 5 years co-terminus with the state five year plan
period. This classification of projected requirement into 5 -year
terms would help in integrating the spatial planning and
economic planning efforts as developmental funds are
allocated through the five year plans.

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2. The assessment of projected requirements should cover all matters like

• Extend of the local planning area
• Population
• Economic base and employment
• Housing and shelter
• Transportation
• Facilities
• Infrastructure
• Resources
• Land
• Shelter
• Commerce and trade
• Industries
• Public and semi-public facilities
• Open spaces
• Roads and streets
• Infrastructure
Special activities, if any, like tourism or pilgrimage which result
in increase of floating population and demand for facilities
and infrastructure.
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Factors to be considered in Master Plan:

The following factors should be taken into consideration in the Master Plan of
the cities
1.Urban population growth cannot be prevented, it must be planned and
accommodated.
2.The form of cities is determined by individuals and organizations
rather than by governments. Private sector will continue to play dominant
role in city development.
3.There are certain limitations on the abilities of governments to
intervene effectively in the urban development. Governments
interventions have produced unintended and undesirable results in many
cases. A more realistic approach would be to distinguish between the need
for government intervention and private sector encouragement in the
development of cities.
4.A more realistic affordable standards of services for the poor should be
derived and adopted.

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Factors to be considered in Development Plan:

The following factors should be taken into consideration in the Master Plan of
the cities
5.The planning process cannot be a sequence of survey-plan-action.
These stages need to be pursued concurrently. Plans need to be flexible
and incremental rather than rigid.
6.The limited ability of planning authorities to enforce regulatory
systems of development control should be realized. Hence there is a
need to identify alternative ways of land development like developing
infrastructure.
7.Plans should take into consideration the political agendas and
political processes within which the implementable plan programme must
be developed.

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RegionalPlan:
Regional planning is a branch of land use planning and
deals with the efficient placement of land use activities,
infrastructure and settlement growth across a significantly
larger area of land than an individual city or town.

Regional planning addresses problems of economic, social

and political transformations at geographical scales greater
than a municipality, state or even country.

The region is connected and united by cultural identity,

economic interests, geographic features, as well as
common developmental and environmental concerns.

Since the independence, the need for regional planning

has arisen from changing social and economic phenomena
affecting local communities and regions throughout the country.

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Regional Plan – Importance:

The importance of regional planning was first stressed at Governmental
level by the Housing & Regional Planning Panel (1955) of the Planning
Commission.
The objectives of balanced regional development was sought to be
achieved through industrial location policy as "through balanced and
coordinated development of industrial and agricultural economy in each
region, the entire country can attain higher standard of living".

The Tamil Nadu state has been demarcated into eight regions taking
into factors like geographical boundary, resource base, market
potential and facilities, population threshold etc.

Identification of growth poles, growth centres, service centres and

proposal for development of transportation and communication
network, provision of regional level facilities, conservation of flora
and fauna, historical and heritage sites and constitution of regional
planning authority to prepare and implement regional plan for the above
causes are to be pursued.
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Regional planning – Meaning:

Regional planning means planning of a much larger unit than a
town called ‘region’.
The planning is done more or less on the same principles of town
planning. Region includes the territory lying with in easy reach such
as 15 to 50 km and containing number of villages and town
ships.
The regional planning helps to develop the region in a coordinated
manner.

It deals with planning of regional highways, regional transport,

regional water supply, drainage etc.

It also takes into account the overall development of towns,

villages in the region and provides sites for new towns for
rehabilitation for the displaced persons from the main city.

Regional level plans shall incorporate only those developmental

policies and programmes that need to be addressed at that level
and also those that come under joint responsibilities of centre,
state and local authorities.
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Regional Planning – undertaken in India:

Major regional plans in India are
Plans for new towns and resource regions and River Valleys like
Damodar Valley, Bhakra-Nangal, Hirakud and Chambal.

AIM OF REGIONAL PLANNING:

a)Utilizing Resources in an optimal manner so as to realize the
development potential of the region over a given time-frame with minimal
negative impacts in order to achieve economic-equity.
b)Securing the planning and equitable distribution of population and
economic resources of a country.
c)The task of arranging the available land in a pattern which is most
profitable and productive to the region and the country at large.
d)Allocation of certain basic resources to generate economic activity in
backward regions for stabilization of their economy by planning an
adequate number of medium sized towns and to provide them with services,
employment, and social and cultural facilities.
e)Preventing irregular and unhealthy urban expansion.

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PRINCIPLES OF REGIONAL PLANNING:

Specific interventions and solutions will depend entirely on the needs of each region
in each country, but generally speaking, regional planning at the macro level will
seek to:

1)Resist development in flood plains or along earthquake faults. These areas

may be utilized as parks, or unimproved farmland.
2)Designate transportation corridors using hubs and spokes and considering
major new infrastructure .
3)Some thought into the various ‘role’s settlements in the region may play, for
example some may be administrative, with others based upon manufacturing or
transport .
4)Consider designating essential nuisance land uses locations, including waste
disposal.
5)Designate Green belt land or similar to resist settlement amalgamation and
protect the environment.
6)Set regional level ‘policy’ and zoning which encourages a mix of housing values
and communities.
7)Consider building codes, zoning laws and policies that encourage the best use
of the land

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TYPES OF REGIONAL PLANNING
The term regional planning can be said as a cover for three different types
of planning namely,
interregional planning,
Inter local planning and
locational planning.

Interregional planning:
Interregional planning deals with overall national planning to promote
socio-economic development of the nation.
The interregional planning solves the problem of interregional allocation of
tasks – the problem how to outline the role of each region in the formulation
and implementation of national objectives.

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TYPES OF REGIONAL PLANNING
The term regional planning can be said as a cover for three different types
of planning namely,

Inter local planning:

Inter local planning is done at region (state) level.
It has to be developed within the institutional framework of state
government.
Depending on the social, economical and political structure of the state,
the inter local planning agency formulates different objectives for socio-
economic development.

The interregional and interlocal planning activities are representing

explicit spatial dimensions of the planning system.

locational planning:
So, for planning of a particular location, locational planning supports
the above two types on the micro level of location.

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URBAN RENEWAL
Urban renewal is a program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate
to high density urban land use - a mix of renovation, selective
demolition, commercial development, and tax incentives is most often used
to revitalize urban neighborhoods.

Urban renewal can be extremely controversial, and has often

involved the destruction of businesses, the demolition of priceless
historic structures, the relocation of people etc.

Community participation, sustainability and trust – and government

acting as advocate and 'enabler' – is vital for realizing urban renewal
projects

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URBANRENEWAL

Urban renewal is a deliberately planned and overall effort to

change the urban environment by adopting comprehensive and
large-scale adjustment of existing city areas for serving the present
and future needs of the city inhabitants.

Urban Renewal Plan

Aims
Although urban renewal is difficult to define clearly, it normally
involves relatively large-scale redevelopment of urban areas,
rather than piecemeal rebuilding of individual buildings or the
provision of specific facilities.

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Urban RenewalPlan
Its objectives include:
improvements to living condition to residents living in old urban
areas;
improvements to the urban environment and infrastructure by
the provision of more open space, community and other facilities;
enhancements to urban layouts, road networks and other
infrastructure;
the substitution or overhaul of archaic buildings;
better exploitation of land;
thinning out of development and population densities to
reduce the strain on over-burdened transport and other
infrastructure;
making accessible land to meet various uses such as housing,
and
redeveloping a particular area in order to act as a catalyst for
the redevelopment of neighbouring areas by private developers,
as enhanced property values make this more viable.

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NEED FOR URBAN RENEWAL

Urban renewal programme is essential to remove the congestion of
traffic, to demolish the useless building, or buildings which cannot be
used for any purposes such as commercial or residential etc.
The sub-standard condition will make the buildings unfit for any such
use.
The urban renewal programme permits us to demolish them.
It also enables us to rebuild the same area with all the facilities and to
make the environment to be a planned one.

The reasons for the need of urban renewal can be divided into three:
 Physical obsolescence – blight and deterioration
 Economic losses
 Social imbalances

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GOALS OF URBAN RENEWAL

To maintain health of
Urban settlement
Functions
Financial adequacy of government
Capacity of city
Traffic & transportation
Maintenance of basic services

Advantages/importance:
Replenished housing stock might be an improvement in quality
Renewal may transition underutilized land and foster sustainability
Improve density and reduce sprawl
Economic benefits and improve the global economic competitiveness
of a city's centre.
Improve cultural and social amenity,
Improve opportunities for safety and surveillance.

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Disadvantages:
Urban renewal has also been responsible for the destruction of
existing communities;
lead to social exclusion;
Replacement housing – particularly in the form of housing towers –
might be difficult to police, leading to an increase in crime, and such
structures might in themselves be dehumanizing.
Urban renewal is usually non-consultative.

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DEFINITIONS OF SOME OF THE TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING URBAN
RENEWAL
Slums
Slums may be broadly defined as an area with untidy and ill ventilated
residences without proper sanitation and water supply. In slum and blighted
areas we can find “submerged humanity” and social disorganization.
Poor mostly inhabit these areas.

Blight
Any area or a part of urban or rural in deterioration is called “Blighted
area irrespective of its degree of deterioration ”The blight may be in
physical conditions such as topological blight, or economic blight as the
semior full deterioration of commercial activities in that area.

Obsolescence
It can be defined as an associate of blights and slums, since the basic
nature is same for all. An area which is unfit for the present use either
due to the change in the pattern of living or due to cultural or
economic changes is called “obsolescent area”

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DEFINITIONS OF SOME OF THE TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING

URBAN RENEWAL
Central Area
Generally oldest parts of the city will be the central area. Since from
where the city starts growing to meet the increasing population and to
provide fashionable and luxurious type of buildings coupled with the
residences of the poorest city dwellers.

CBD
This term CBD or Central Business District is used to denote the
important Central commercial Zone where the commercial function is the
predominant function and others are mostly negligible. This is the most
accessible area of the town. This is the most populous area in the
daytime. This areas predominant function is commercial (retail and
wholesale)

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ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF INDIA

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