GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY JAMMU

NEW TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE

MAINTAINENCES OF
CABLES

Presented by
KHALID FAROOQ
B.E 7th SEMESTER
ELECRICAL ENGINEERING
ROLL NO:-182/15
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
1) INTRODUCTION
2) DEVELOPMENS IN THE CABLES
3) INEGRATIONS OF UNDERGROUND CABLES
4) NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN UNDERGROUND
CABLES
4.1) CROSS LINKD PLYETHYLNE
4.2) SUPER CONDUCTORS
4.3) REAL TIME THERMAL RATING
4.4) ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIDING
5) Advantages
6) Disadvantages
CONCLUSION
 ABSTRACT
 The electricity sector is facing enormous challenge in
most countries around the world due to deregulation
and growing demand on power.
 Underground cables have the potential to reduce
outages maintenance cost and transmission losses.
 In general transmission losses are lower with
underground cables as compared to overhead lines.
 Underground cables can also deliver economic
benefits where civil works are reduce by avoiding
un necessary digging besides a big saving in tree
pruning for local concern.
 Underground cable technology with it unique
characteristics of low impendence and ohmic loss.
 Introduction
 The beginning of power cable technology can be
traced back to 1880 when the need for power
distribution cable became pressing following the
introduction of incandesent lightning.
 Due to this fast growth by the early 1990
underground electricfication via insulated cables on
it ways to become a well establish practice.
 Some of the more common early solid and liquid
insulating material employed in various
underground cable installation were natural rubber,
gutta percha, oil and wax , jute and cotton.
 Development in underground cables
 The principal technology used today for long
distance high power transmission is high voltage
underground lies whether AC or DC.
 The most commonly and for realbility undergrounds
lines will be provided only in those areas of highly
populated region.
 Underground cables are installed adjacent to
roadways in urban, housing are industrial plant
areas to required to meet project objectives.
 Underground utilities in order to ensure a minimum
interference between electrical line and other
underground utilities whether existing , being
constructed are proposed as a definite future
construction project.
 Integration of underground cables in existing network
 A Geographic Information system (GIS) is a computer
based tool for mapping and analyzing data.
 GIS based solutions are play a key role in today scenario
mostly in distribution system maintenance and in
efficient customer service.
 The dynamic nature of the electricity distribution system
causes a complicated procedure to analyze .
 To achieve a higher level of accuracy and increased
Productivity in maintenance ,and efficient system.
Problem with cable maintenance and management
information system have been encountered at many
places and solutions have been sought through
customized packages linked to the GIS based
information.
 New technologies in underground cable

 Cross linked poly ethylene

 Welded externally coated steel pipe pressurized gas or
fluid (usually nitrogen or synthetic oil at 200 psi
segmented copper conductor paper insulation metallic
shield.
 The cross linked polyethylene (XPLE) underground
transmission is often called “soliddielectric ”. The XPLE
type is becoming the national standard for underground
transmission lines.
 The solid dielectric material is replaced by pressurized
liquid or gas of other type of cable.
 This type of construction has three independent cables
.They are not housed together in a pipe, but are et in
concrete ducts or buried side by side directly in specially
prepared oil.
 The insulation is about twice as thick as the oil insulation
used in other types of cable .
 Tree retardant across linked polyethylene
 TR-XPLE was introduced in 1983 and has become the
predominant insulation used for medium voltage
underground distribution cables in north America.
 TR-XPLE has shown excellent field service performance
and designed t maintain XPLE high dielectric strength
and electrical loss .
 Tree retardant cross linked polyethylene (TR-XPLE) was
designed to overcome the water treeing deficiency of
higher molecular weight thermoplastic polyethylene and
cross linked polyethylene (XPLE).
 The use of tree retardant cross linked polyethylene
insulation has allowed to achieve long life under serving
operating condition. This has led to improve life cycle
and has minimized social and environmental issue
resulting from cable replacement activities.
 SUPERCONDUCTOR CABLES
 Superconductor cables utilize superconductor materials
instead of the copper or aluminium used to carry
electricity in overhead power lines and underground
cables .
 Superconductor materials can carry well over 100 times
the current density of aluminium or copper .
 Superconductor become perfect conductor with zero
electrical resistance and introduce no electrical losses of
their own .
 Superconductor material include chemical elements (e.g
mercury and lead) alloys(such as niobium-titanium,
germanium –niobium and niobium nitride).
 Superconductor cable system are now operating in
multiple in grid station around the world due to their
reliability and perfomance .
 REAL TIME THERMAL RATING (RTTR)
 Temperature monitoring is a key factor for the
optimisation of underground power transmission and
distribution installations.
 The conductor temperature depends on the load, but
other factors such as the thermal soil resistivity, the
power line arrangement adajacant cable and other
sources dissipating heat into the surrounding area have
an important impact on the performance of the
installation.
 The availability of distributed temperature sensing (DTS)
system that measure real time temperatures all along the
cable is a first step in monitoring the transmission system
capacity.
 RTTR provides the ability to the operator to predict the
behaviour of the transmission and distribution system
upon major changes made to its initial operating
conditions.
 WHY ADDING RTTR TO DISTRIBUTED TEMP.
SENSING
 RTTR or dynamic cable rating removes all uncertainty
left by DTS. The DTS measure the real time temperature
at the sheath or jacket of cable.
 The sheath temperature gives a good idea of the
temperature, but unless an accurate model for the
conductor is provided there will be some uncertanity left.
 The uncertanity is small during steady state operation
but it could be very large during an emergency situation.
 The RTTR engine computes the current carrying under
given conditions of the underground cable installation
for the steady state and transient.
 The RTTR engine can be used for emergency rating from
10 minutes and up to 2000 hours , this cover the entire
emergency rating spectrum since typically emergencies
last a few hour or days.
 ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING
 Electromagnetic shielding is the practice of
surrounding electronics and cables with conductive
or magnetic material to guard against incoming or
out going emission of electromagnetic frequencies.
 Material used for electromagnetic shielding include
sheet metal, metal screen, and metal foam .
 The shielded cable which has electromagnetic
shielding in the form of a wire mesh surrounding an
inner core conductor .
 Advantages
 Suitable for congested urban areas where over
headlines are difficult or impossible to install.
 Low maintanence.
 Small voltage drop.
 Not easy to steal.
 There is no chance of making illegal connections.
 There is no danger with shaking and shorting due to
vibration, wind.
 There is very less faults in underground technology.
 The accidental cause in case of underground
technology is negligible.
 Disadvantage
 It is most expensive
 It is very difficult to identify faults in underground
cables.
 It is hectic process for repairing of broken cables.
 It is more expensive than overhead lines.
 Cables can be damaged by the people by digging the
ground while they do not know that there is cables
present there.
 Conclusion
 In general transmission losses are lower with
underground cables as compared to overhead lines.
 New underground technology has low impedence
and ohmic loss enable a massive increase in power
transmission capacity.
 Underground cable can also deliver economic
benefits where civil work is avoiding by unnecessary
digging.
 New technology used in the maintainences of
underground cables.
 It is possible to reduce the losses in power
transfer,increase in mainanence, with low cost,
realibilty , good safety, security and most efficient
power transfer in distribution and transmission
network.