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High GR
-Vsh >>
-Finer grain
Shale Baseline
Sand Baseline
Low GR
-Vsh <<
-coarser grain
5
Vsh Calculation
Vsh = GR - GRmin
GRmax - GRmin
100% shale OR
0% sand
6
2. RESISTIVITY (Rt)
Measuring: rock conductivity to pass on electric
current.
Influenced by:
- Fluid content; Oil Rt>>
- Salinity; Higher Salinity Rt<<
- Clayeyness; higher clay content will
decrease Rt value.
- Rock Density; higher Density Rt>>
- Type of Rock;
- Rtsand > Rtshale
- Coal Rt >>
- Temperature; higher Temp. will reduce Rt
7
TYPE OF RESISTIVITY (Rt)
RLLD= RLN = Deep Resistivity;
- measures through 40 inch deep.
- measures in the un-invaded zone.
RLLS = RSN = Shallow Resistivity;
- measures through 27 inch deep.
- measures in the invaded zone (mud invasion zone)
Rxo = RSFL ;
- measures in between invaded zone and transition zone
Rm = Mud Resistivity;
- is resistivity of mud that used during drilling; is measured
before logging.
Rmf = Mud filtrate Resistivity;
- is resistivity of mud that filtrates into formation; is measured
also before logging.
- Rmf/Rw ratio is important to get good SP reading.
8
The Use of Rt
Distinguish type of lithology (combined w/Density)
Calculate Sw (Water Saturation)
Distinguish fluid type (combined w/Density & Neutron)
Distinguish Fluid Contact (OWC, GOC)
Estimate Formation Water Salinity
9
Example of Rt reading
Low Rt High Rt
Shale / & Low Density
siltstone Coal
Sand; high
Rt, Por.=12%
Poss. Oil
bearing
10
EXAMPLES
•R ;
t ….. GR
….. …..
GR ….. Rt1 ….. Rt1
….. sand sand ….. OWC ?
….. …...
Rt2
shale shale
….. …..
….. Rt2 …..
..... sand ….. Rt3
….. sand ….
….. Rt3
….. shale
shale
11
Example of Rt reading
GR (API)
Distinguish
OWC
12
Example of Rt reading
Cross Over
between Density
& Neutron
Distinguish GAS
13
Resistivities
at Mud Invasion Zones
BOREHOLE RESERVOIR
Rmc Rxo
Rm Rmf
Rt or RLLD
RLLS
Drilling Mud
Rsfl
Rm = Mud Resistivity
Rmc = Mudcake Resistivity
Rmf = Mudfiltrate Resistivity 14
Rmf & Salinity Rmf = 0.11 (at BHT)
Calculation Given: Rmf = 0.2 (at Surf)
Surf.=80oF
BHT=150oF
15
Salinity = 30 Kppm
STEPS TO CALCULATE Rweq :
Given :
SP = -60 mV
Rmf @80oF = 0.2 ohmm
BHT = 150oF
0.017 Calculate : Rweq
Solution :
Rmfeq Using Resistivity Chart, we
could find Rmf=0.11 ohmm
Rmf @75oF >1
Rmfeg = 0.85 x Rmf
0.094
= 0.85 x 0.11= 0.094
Rmfeq / Rweq
16
SP= -60 mV; T=150oF
STEPS TO CALCULATE Rw:
From previous calculation;
Rweq = 0.017 ohmm
17
Rw=0.032
Sw Calculation
m = cementation factor 1 to 3
a = lithology coeficient 0.6 to 2
Humble Formula:
- for Sandstone: - for Unconsolidated Sand:
F = 0.62 / f2.15 F = 0.81 / fm 18
3. SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL (SP)
Measuring: electric potential different between
electrode movement in well bore and at surface
in millivolt (mV)
Influenced by:
- Ratio of Rmf / Rw;
Rmf / Rw <1 SP_sand tend to the right (+)
Rmf = Rw SP has no deflection/straight
Rmf /Rw >1 SP_sand tend to the left (-)
- Thickness of permeable rock (h)
hsd >>> SP shows sharp contact
- Rock Permeability or Depth of invasion (di);
di >>> more permeable SP tend to the left
19
3. SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL (SP)
Influenced by ( continued )
- Thickness of adjacent impermeable layer
hsh >>> SP shows curving contact
- Interbed; more frequent SP tend to the right.
20
The Use of SP
Distinguish rock permeability
Correlation; in case GR is not available
Distinguish formation water resistivity (Rw)
Distinguish sand shale qualitatively
Sometime could detect fluid content
change
Good
Permeability
Rounded
SP
Less
Permeable
22
EXAMPLES
INCORRECT CORRECT
23
EXAMPLES
• SP ;
….. SP …..
….. …..
….. …..
….. ….. Sd1
….. …..
….. …..
h1
….. …..
….. ….. kSd1 >> kSd2
….. ….. Sd2
…..
h2
SP
contact
curving
h1<h2 Sd1 << Shaliness
than Sd2
Sd = Sandstone
h = Shale thickness k = Permeability
24
4. DENSITY LOG (RHOB ~ rb)
Measuring: rock density that indicated by
absorption index of photoelectric in the reservoir.
Influenced by:
- Rock compactness;
soft rock RHOB <<<
compact rock RHOB >>>
- Bore hole quality;
hole caving RHOB reads mud cake (not valid
value) RHOB reads too small value.
- Clay or shaliness;
more clay will increase rock density
26
Example of rb reading
rb
rb
SAND - SHALE
REEF
Sequences
27
rb uses limestone matrix (1.7 2.7)
Example of rb reading
rb
Cross Over
between Density
& Neutron
Distinguish GAS
NPHI
28
5. NEUTRON LOG (NPHI)
Measuring: hydrogen index in the reservoir as a result
of atomic nucleus coillison.
Influenced by:
- Clay/Shaliness;
clay >>> more separation between RHOB & NPHI
- Gas content;
will decrease Neutron Porosity
- Salinity;
more NaCl in the borehole & formation will decrease
H2 concentration.
- Mudcake (mc);
thicker mc will decrease H2 concentration
- Mud Weight (MW);
higher MW will decrease neutron interaction
29
NPHI is used to calculate POROSITY
STEPS TO CALCULATE True Porosity (fT):
Solution :
Using rD & fN Chart :
- From point rD=2.26, draw line to
fT = 24% the right.
rD=2.26
- From point fN=20%, draw line
upward.
Lithology sandstone
fN=20%
Given: rD=2.26 gr/cc, fN=20%
30
6. SONIC LOG
Measuring: transit time (Dt) of the acustic wave from
transmitter to receiver through the formation.
Influenced by:
- Compaction;
compactness >>> Transit Time <<< less Porosity
- Gas content;
will increase Sonic Porosity
Sonic is used to :
- calculate porosity
- distinguish potential source rock (combined w/GR & Rt)
High GR, High Rt, lower Dt good source rock
31
STEPS TO CALCULATE Sonic Porosity (fS):
Solution :
Using Dt & fN Chart :
fS = Dtlog - Dtma
Dtfluid - Dtma
fN=20%
Given: Dt= 80 ms/ft, fN=20%
Dtma = 55.5 ms/ft
Dtwater = 189 ms/ft 32
SONIC TRANSIT TIME (Dt)
Restrictions:
- uniform intergrain porosity
- formation water bearing
- clean sand (minor clay content)
- consolidated sand
Therefore:
very rare we use Sonic Porosity, unless no other
data available.
33
DLL-GR-MSFL SONIC
34
7. RFT / SFT / MDT
Measuring: hydrostatic & formation pressures,
sampling formation fluid.
Influenced by:
- hole condition;
rughous/bad hole unsealed pad not valid pressure.
- mudcake;
too thick mudcake difficult to measure formation
pressure.
35
RFT PRESSURES VS DEPTH BENTAYAN FIELD
1080
Example of 1090
LEGEND
DEPTH (M-SS)
1130
Bentayan-17
Bentayan-18
1140
Bentayan-22
1150 Bentayan-34
Oil Gradient :
Bentayan-38
0.335 psi/ft
1160 Bentayan-39
GOC OWC:
INITIAL : -1163 M-SS
-1163 M-SS Bentayan-41
1170 (- 3816 FT-SS)
Bentayan-50
Bentayan-54
1180
Bentayan-81
1200
36
1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750
PRESSURES (PSI)