Philosophies Teachingprof History Curriculum

PHILOSOPHIES The Teaching Profession
1. Idealism
 Aim: To develop the individual spiritually, mentally, morally
 Curriculum: Content essential for mental and moral development (Philosophy, Values Education, GMRC,
Christian Living, Math, Arts, Literature)
 Methods: Provide opportunities for mental and moral evaluation (questions and discussion, lecture,
meditation)
2. Realism
 Aim: To provide students of essential knowledge to survive the natural world
 Curriculum: Math and Science (highly factual) Combination of subject-matter and problem–centered
concepts to acquire research skills, observation, experimentation, analytical skills, critical thinking
 Methods: Problem-solving inquiry, discovery method
3. Existentialism
 Aim: To train the individual for significant and meaningful existence
 Curriculum: Subjects that recognize individual differences and complete freedom to work (arts for
aesthetic expression)
4. Pragmatism/Experimentalism
 Aim: To teach students how to think so that he can adjust to the demands of an ever changing world
 Curriculum: Subjects as tool for solving individual/group problems
Integrated and based on society’s problems
 Methods: Activity-centered, pupil-centered
Lecture Slides of Dr. Ronaldo Elicay (2013), Ateneo de Naga University
Perennialism
 Aim: To develop power of thought
 Curriculum: Subject matters that are universal and constant (Arts and Sciences)
Essentialism
 Aim: To promote the intellectual growth of the learners
 Curriculum: essential skills and subjects (3Rs)
Progressivism
 Aim: To provide the pupil the necessary skills to be able to interact with his/her ever
changing environment
 Curriculum: Activity and experience-centered (emphasis on life experiences)
 Methods; Problem-solving, reflective strategies, cooperative learning strategies,
socialized group activities and situations
Social Reconstructionism
 Aim: Education for change and social reform
 Curriculum: Social Sciences, National/International/Global Issues (examination of
problems nationally and internationally), Philosophy
OTHER PHILOSOPHIES The Teaching Profession
OVERVIEW
•Epicureanism •Naturalism
•Stoicism •Hinduism
•Christian Philosophy •Buddhism
•Rationalism •Confucianism
•Empiricism
EPICUREANISM
“teaches that the greatest good is to seek modest
pleasures in order to attain a state of tranquility,
freedom from fear ("ataraxia") and absence from
bodily pain ("aponia").”
Notable Philosophers: Epicurus, Lucretius, Pierre Gassendi etc.
https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_epicureanism.html
www.iep.utm.edu/epicur/
STOICISM
“knowledge and its pursuit are no longer held to be
ends in themselves…To the Stoic, virtue is an
inherent feature of the world, no less inexorable in
relation to humans than are the laws of nature”
Notable Philosophers: Zeno, Justus Lipsius, Irvine, Sellars and

Becker
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Stoicism
http://www.iep.utm.edu/stoicism/#H6
CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY
“The purpose of Christian education is the directing
of the process of human development toward God’s
objective for a person: godliness of character and
action.”
https://www.bjupress.com/resources/christian-school/solutions/philosophy-
education.php
RATIONALISM
“the philosophical stance according to which reason is the
ultimate source of human knowledge”
“any view appealing to intellectual and deductive reason
(as opposed to sensory experience or any religious
teachings) as the source of knowledge and justification”
Notable Philosophers: Rene Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried
Leibniz etc.
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-rationalism-in-philosophy-2670589
https://www.philosophybasics.com/movements_rationalism.html
EMPIRICISM
“sense experience is the ultimate starting point for all our
knowledge”
“there is no such thing as innate knowledge, and that
instead knowledge is derived from experience (either
sensed via the five senses or reasoned via the brain or
mind)”
Notable Philosophers: Roger Bacon, William Ockham, Francis
Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke etc.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/empiricism
http://www.mesacc.edu/~davpy35701/text/empm-v-ratm.html
NATURALISM
“relates scientific method to philosophy by affirming that all
beings and events in the universe (whatever their inherent character
may be) are natural. Consequently, all knowledge of the universe
falls within the pale of scientific investigation.”
“The child develops inevitably as a product of nature, and the
main function of the teacher is to provide the optimum conditions
for that development.”
Notable Philosophers: J.H. Pestalozzi, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, F.J.E.

Woodbridge, Morris R. Cohen, John Dewey etc.
https://www.britannica.com/science/pedagogy/Teaching-theories-
educational-psychology#ref424130
HINDUISM
“Education is an important means to achieve the four aims of
human life, namely dharma (virtue), artha (wealth), kama
(pleasure) and moksha (liberation).
Vidya or education is the means by which an individual can gain
right knowledge, control his desires and learn to perform his
obligatory duties with a sense of detachment and devotion to
God, so that he can overcome the impurities of egoism, attachment
and delusion and achieve liberation.”
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinduism
https://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/h_education.asp
BUDDHISM
“The Buddha was perhaps the original post-modernist who
provides a model for education in which the heart and mind are
rightly inextricably joined. It is the basis for a truly holistic
philosophy of education.”
“Buddhism is quite clear that for all human beings there is the
possibility of self-transformation through mental development
and that resonates clearly and profoundly with what educationists
believe about the power and significance of the learning process.”
https://www.clear-vision.org/Schools/Teachers/teacher-info/education-learning-
article.aspx
CONFUCIANISM
“Confucius attempted to produce chun tzu, which is quite similar to
the English word, "gentleman." Originally both Chinese and English
words meant one born into a high social station, but both came to
mean one with a proper and suitable behavior and cultivation,
regardless of birth. His main goal was the cultivation of
character, through observation, study and reflective thought. “
www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Confucius.html
CONFUCIANISM
“Confucius said "Study without thought is labor lost; thought without
study is dangerous." When referring to his own way of learning, he
said -To hear much, select what is good, and follow it;" Thus he saw
learning as a process of observation of some type of subject
matter whether it be books, objects, or people, followed by
reflection, that somehow changed one. He saw learning as a
highly personal and therefore, highly individual activity.
www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Confucius.html
HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS Curriculum
Development
PERIOD GOAL FOCUS METHOD COURSE of STUDY GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
DIFFERENCES IN EDUCATION DURING THE VARIOUS HISTORICAL ERAS

Pre-Hispanic Integration of Customs and Oral Immersion None Not formal; community-
Individuals into the Traditions based; no educational
tribe system
Spanish Spread of Religion Catechetical Not prescribed; No grade level; church-

Christianity instruction; use of flexible; not based; no educational
corporal centralized system
punishment; rote
memorization
American Spread of Academic English Democratic English Prescribed; uniform; Formal; structured;
Democracy as medium centralized existence of an educational
system
Japanese Spread of the Principles of New Rote memorization; Prescribed; uniform; Propaganda tool;
New Asian Order Order use of threat and centralized repressively anti-American
punishment and anti-British; military-
backed existence of an
educational system
Bago, A. (2008). Curriculum development: The Philippine experience, 2nd ed. C & E Publishing
HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS
Pre-Spanish Period
Source: Google Images

Pre-Spanish Period
- Education is for Survival, Conformity, and Enculturation
- Informal Education, Practical Training, Theoretical Training
- Method of education is through: tell me and show me,
observation, trail and error

Spanish Period

Spanish Period
- The purpose of education is to propagate Christianity
- Instruction was in the dialect but the Spanish alphabet
was used for reading and writing.
- Education is through dictation and memorization

American Period

American Period
- The aim of education is to teach democracy as a way of life
- Education is through socialized recitation, encouraged more
student’s participation and disputation
- Reading, writing, arithmetic, language, GMRC, civics, hygiene
and sanitation, gardening, domestic science, American History
and Philippine history were the subject areas for study.
- A four-year secondary vocational curriculum was established
in 1906 to balance academic bias.
Commonwealth Period (1935-1942)
- The fundamental aims of education as provided by the 1935
Constitution are as follows: to develop moral character, personal discipline,
civic conscience, and vocational efficiency, and to teach the duties of
citizenship.
- Education aimed to continue the promotion of democratic ideas and way of life.
- Education under the Commonwealth was to help prepare for the coming
independence of a new Filipino nation.

Commonwealth Period (1935-1942)
- Education Act of 1940:
Adjustment of school vacations to coincide with working seasons
Reduction of elementary education to six years
Support of the national government to elementary education

Japanese Era (1943-1945)
- diffusion of the Japanese Language in the Philippines and
the termination of the use of the English language schools.
- Training was done formally through the schools, which gave
more emphasis on vocational, technical, agriculture.
- Curricular content centered on values rooted on love for
labor.
- teaching physical education and singing Japanese songs
- year-round classes with classrooms having 60 students with
morning and afternoon shifts

GRADE LEVEL 1946-1956 1957-1972 1973-1988 1989-2001 2002-2011 2012-2013
(IV) 10 2-2 Plan Revised New 2002 Basic

• College Secondary Secondary Education
(III) 9 Prep Education Education Curriculum
Curriculum Program Curriculum
(II) 8 2010
• Vocational • Electives (NSEC)
Secondary
Curriculum offered Education Roll-out
(I) 7 implementation
Curriculum
General of Grade 1 and
6 1957-1982 1983-2001 2002-2011 2012
Education Grade 7 of the
5 K-12
Curriculum Curriculum
4 Revised New Basic R.A. 10157
Elementary Elementary Education Kindergarten
3 Education School Curriculum Education
Curriculum Curriculum Act
2
Kindergarten
Kindergarten
1946-1956
Teaching of the national language (as a subject) in public
schools
Shortening of elem. curriculum from seven to six years
Compulsory attendance in the primary grades
Singing of the PH national anthem and recitation of a
patriotic pledge (Commonwealth Act No. 589- Aug. 19,
1940)
GENERAL EDUCATION CURRICULUM
Bilbao, Purita P. et. al. (2015), The Teaching Profession, 3rd Ed., Metro Manila: Lorimar Publishing Co. Inc.
1957-1982
Vernacular language as auxiliary medium of instruction in
Gr. 1 and 2; Pilipino and English offered as subjects
Character Education and Good Manners and Right
Conduct as separate subjects offered both in elementary
(everyday in the most suitable language during opening
exercises) and secondary (40 minutes once a week in
English)
REVISED ELEMENTARY EDUCATION PROGRAM
1957-1972
Common Curriculum for first two years
College preparatory track or vocational track for 3rd
and 4th year
2-2 Plan for SECONDARY GENERAL CURRICULUM
1973-1988
By hour programming instead of 40 min. per subject
Implementation of the Bilingual Education Policy (Dept. Order No. 25 s.
1974)
Renaming of different subjects (English and Pilipino as Communication Arts,
Health and Physical Education as Youth Development Training, PH military
training [PMT] as Citizen’s Army Training [CAT])
Issuance of Revised Teacher Education Curriculum (D.O. No. 8 s. 1970)
REVISED SECONDARY EDUCATION PROGRAM (RSEP)

1983-2001
Survey of Outcomes in Elementary Education (SOUTELE):
“Only 50% has been mastered by learners.”
Reduction of the no. of subjects and increased time for
instruction (Experimental Elementary Education Program [EEEP])
Program for Comprehensive Elementary Education
(PROCEED): 10-year program
Program for Decentralized Education Development
(PRODED): covered the first 4-years of PROCEED
NEW ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM (NESC)
1989-2001
Values Education offered as a separate subject in high
school
Offering of BSE major in Values Education
Secondary Education Development Program (SEDP):
major curricular reform between 1983-1993
NEW SECONDARY EDUCATION CURRICULUM (NSEC)

2001-2011
Principle of lifelong learning and active construction of
meaning
Makabayan, makatao, makakalikasan and maka-Diyos
Functional literacy: language fluency, scientific competence
and numerical competence
Makabayan: Values Education, PEHM, AP, THE
BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM

2010
SECONDARY EDUCATION CURRICULUM (D.O. No. 76 s.
2010) for first year only
2nd-3rd year: 2002 BEC
Understanding by Design (UbD) framework
R.A. 10157: Universal Kindergarten
2012-2013
K-12 Roll-out
13-year basic education cycle
 Kindergarten to Grade 3
 Grades 4 to 6
 Grades 7 to 10 (Junior High School)
 Grades 11 and 12 (Senior High School)
R.A. 10533
Standards-/competence-based/ spiral curriculum
TRIFOCAL EDUCATION SYSTEM
DEPED CHED TESDA

R.A. 9155 R.A. 7722 R.A. 7796

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PHILOSOPHIES The Teaching Profession

Notable Philosophers: Epicurus, Lucretius, Pierre Gassendi etc.

Notable Philosophers: Zeno, Justus Lipsius, Irvine, Sellars and

Notable Philosophers: J.H. Pestalozzi, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, F.J.E.

DIFFERENCES IN EDUCATION DURING THE VARIOUS HISTORICAL ERAS

Spanish Spread of Religion Catechetical Not prescribed; No grade level; church-

Source: Google Images

Lecture Slides of Dr. Ronaldo Elicay (2013), Ateneo de Naga University

Source: Google Images

Lecture Slides of Dr. Ronaldo Elicay (2013), Ateneo de Naga University

Source: Google Images

Lecture Slides of Dr. Ronaldo Elicay (2013), Ateneo de Naga University

Lecture Slides of Dr. Ronaldo Elicay (2013), Ateneo de Naga University

Lecture Slides of Dr. Ronaldo Elicay (2013), Ateneo de Naga University

(IV) 10 2-2 Plan Revised New 2002 Basic

2-2 Plan for SECONDARY GENERAL CURRICULUM

REVISED SECONDARY EDUCATION PROGRAM (RSEP)

NEW SECONDARY EDUCATION CURRICULUM (NSEC)

BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM

DEPED CHED TESDA

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