2.

1 – Symbols and Terminology

Definitions:

Set: A collection of objects.

Elements: The objects that belong to the set.
Set Designations (3 types):
Word Descriptions:
The set of even counting numbers less than ten.
Listing method:
{2, 4, 6, 8}
Set Builder Notation:
{x | x is an even counting number less
than 10}
2.1 – Symbols and Terminology
Definitions:

Empty Set: A set that contains no elements. It is

also known as the Null Set. The symbol is 
List all the elements of the following sets.
The set of counting numbers between six and
thirteen.
{7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
{5, 6, 7,…., 13}
{5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13}
{x | x is a counting number between 6 and 7}
 Empty set Null set {}
2.1 – Symbols and Terminology
Symbols:

∈: Used to replace the words “is an element of.”

∉: Used to replace the words “is not an element of.”
True or False:
3 ∈ {1, 2, 5, 9, 13} False
0 ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3} True
-5 ∉ {5, 10, 15, , } True
2.1 – Symbols and Terminology
Sets of Numbers and Cardinality

Cardinal Number or Cardinality:

The number of distinct elements in a set.
Notation
n(A): n of A; represents the cardinal number of a
set.
K = {2, 4, 8, 16} n(K) = 4
∅ n(∅) = 0
R = {1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 5} n(R) = 5
P = {∅} n(P) = 1
2.1 – Symbols and Terminology
Finite and Infinite Sets

Finite set: The number of elements in a set are countable.

Infinite set: The number of elements in a set are not
countable
{2, 4, 8, 16} Countable = Finite set
{1, 2, 3, …} Not countable = Infinite set
2.1 – Symbols and Terminology
Equality of Sets

Set A is equal to set B if the following conditions are met:

1. Every element of A is an element of B.
2. Every element of B is an element of A.
Are the following sets equal?
{–4, 3, 2, 5} and {–4, 0, 3, 2, 5} Not equal
{3} = {x | x is a counting number between 2 and 5}
Not equal
{11, 12, 13,…} = {x | x is a natural number greater than 10}
Equal
2.2 – Venn Diagrams and Subsets
Definitions:

Universal set: the set that contains every object of interest

in the universe.
Complement of a Set: A set of objects of the universal set
that are not an element of a set inside the universal set.
Notation: A
Venn Diagram: A rectangle represents the universal set and
circles represent sets of interest within the universal set

A

U
2.2 – Venn Diagrams and Subsets
Definitions:

Subset of a Set: Set A is a Subset of B if every

element of A is an element of B. Notation: AB
Subset or not?
{3, 4, 5, 6}  {3, 4, 5, 6, 8}
{1, 2, 6}  4, 6, 8}
{2,
{5, 6, 7, 8}  {5, 6, 7, 8}
Note: Every set is a subset of itself. BB
2.2 – Venn Diagrams and Subsets
Definitions:

Set Equality: Given A and B are sets, then A = B if

AB and BA.
{1, 2, 6} ={1, 2, 6}
{5, 6, 7, 8}  {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
2.2 – Venn Diagrams and Subsets
Definitions:

Proper Subset of a Set: Set A is a proper subset of

Set B if AB and A  B. Notation AB
What makes the following statements true?
, , or both
{3, 4, 5, 6} both {3, 4, 5, 6, 8}
{1, 2, 6}both {1, 2, 4, 6, 8}

{5, 6, 7, 8}  {5, 6, 7, 8}
The empty set () is a subset and a proper subset of
every set except itself.
2.2 – Venn Diagrams and Subsets
Number of Subsets

The number of subsets of a set with n elements is:

2n
Number of Proper Subsets
The number of proper subsets of a set with n
elements is: 2n – 1
List the subsets and proper subsets
{1, 2}
Subsets: {1} {2} {1,2}  22 = 4

Proper subsets: {1} {2}  22 – 1= 3

2.2 – Venn Diagrams and Subsets
List the subsets and proper subsets
{a, b, c}
Subsets: {a} {b} {c}
{a, b} {a, c} {b, c} 23 = 8
{a, b, c} 
Proper subsets:
{a} {b} {c}
{a, b} {a, c} {b, c} 23 – 1 = 7

2.3 – Set Operations and Cartesian Products
Intersection of Sets: The intersection of sets A and B is the set of elements common to
both A and B.

A  B = {x | x  A and x  B}
{1, 2, 5, 9, 13}  {2, 4, 6, 9}
{2, 9}
{a, c, d, g}  {l, m, n, o}

{4, 6, 7, 19, 23}  {7, 8, 19, 20, 23, 24}
{7, 19, 23}
2.3 – Set Operations and Cartesian Products
Union of Sets: The union of sets A and B is the set of all elements belonging to each set.

A  B = {x | x  A or x  B}
{1, 2, 5, 9, 13}  {2, 4, 6, 9}
{1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13}
{a, c, d, g}  {l, m, n, o}
{a, c, d, g, l, m, n, o}
{4, 6, 7, 19, 23}  {7, 8, 19, 20, 23, 24}
{4, 6, 7, 8, 19, 20, 23, 24}
2.3 – Set Operations and Cartesian Products
Find each set.

U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {2, 4, 6} C = {1, 3, 6, 9}
AB {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}

A  B A = {5, 6, 9} {6}

B  C B = {1, 3, 5, 9)} C = {2, 4, 5}

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9}
B  B 
2.3 – Set Operations and Cartesian Products
Find each set.

U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {2, 4, 6} C = {1, 3, 6, 9}
A = {5, 6, 9} B = {1, 3, 5, 9)} C = {2, 4, 5}
(A  C)  B
A  C {2, 4, 5, 6, 9}

{2, 4, 5, 6, 9}  B {5, 9}
2.3 – Set Operations and Cartesian Products
Difference of Sets: The difference of sets A and B is the set of all elements belonging
set A and not to set B.

A – B = {x | x  A and x  B}
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} B = {2, 3, 6} C = {3, 5, 7}
A = {7} B = {1, 4, 5, 7} C = {1, 2, 4, 6}
Find each set.
A–B {1, 4, 5} B–A 
Note: A – B  B – A
(A – B)  C {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, }
2.3 – Set Operations and Cartesian Products
Ordered Pairs: in the ordered pair (a, b), a is the first component and b is the second component.
In general, (a, b)  (b, a)

Determine whether each statement is true or false.

(3, 4) = (5 – 2, 1 + 3) True
{3, 4}  {4, 3} False
(4, 7) = (7, 4) False
2.3 – Set Operations and Cartesian Products
Cartesian Product of Sets: Given sets A and B, the Cartesian product represents the set of all
ordered pairs from the elements of both sets.

A  B = {(a, b) | a  A and b  B}
Find each set. A = {1, 5, 9} B = {6,7}
AB
{ (1, 6), (1, 7), (5, 6), (5, 7), (9, 6), (9, 7) }
BA
{ (6, 1), (6, 5), (6, 9), (7, 1), (7, 5), (7, 9) }
2.3 – Venn Diagrams and Subsets
Shading Venn Diagrams:

AB

A B

A B A B

U U
2.3 – Venn Diagrams and Subsets
Shading Venn Diagrams:

AB

A B

A B A B

U U
2.3 – Venn Diagrams and Subsets
Shading Venn Diagrams:

A  B

A B

A

A B A B

U U

A  B in yellow
2.3 – Venn Diagrams and Subsets
Locating Elements in a Venn Diagram

U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} B = {4, 6, 8}
Start with A  B 7
1

Fill in each subset of U. A B

2 4
3 8
Fill in remaining elements 6
of U. 5

U 9 10
2.3 – Venn Diagrams and Subsets
Shade a Venn diagram for the given statement.

(A  B)  C
Work with the parentheses. (A  B)

A B

C
U
2.3 – Venn Diagrams and Subsets
Shade a Venn diagram for the given statement.

(A  B)  C
Work with the parentheses. (A  B)

Work with the remaining part of A B

the statement.
(A  B)  C

C
U
2.3 – Venn Diagrams and Subsets
Shade a Venn diagram for the given statement.

(A  B)  C
Work with the parentheses. (A  B)

Work with the remaining part of A B

the statement.
(A  B)  C

C
U
2.4 –Surveys and Cardinal Numbers
Surveys and Venn Diagrams

Financial Aid Survey of a Small College (100 sophomores).

49 received Government grants
55 received Private scholarships
43 received College aid G P
23 received Gov. grants & Pri. scholar. 16 15 12
18 received Gov. grants & College aid
8
28 received Pri. scholar. & College aid 10 20
8 received funds from all three
5
(PC) – (GPC)
43 – (10 + 8 +20) = 5 C
28 – 8 = 20
(GC) – (GPC) U 14
55 – (15 + 8 + 20) = 12
18 – 8 = 10
(GP) – (GPC)
49 – (15 + 8 + 10) = 16 100 – (16+15 + 8 + 10+12+20+5) = 14
23 – 8 = 15
 2.4 –Surveys and Cardinal Numbers
Cardinal Number Formula for a Region
For any two sets A and B,
n  A B   n( A)  n( B)  n( A B).

Find n(A) if n(AB) = 78, n(AB) = 21, and n(B) = 36.

n(AB) = n(A) + n(B ) – n(AB)
78 = n(A) + 36 – 21
78 = n(A) + 15
63 = n(A)
9.1 – Points, Line, Planes and Angles
Definitions:

A point has no magnitude and no size.

A line has no thickness and no width and it extends
indefinitely in two directions.
A plane is a flat surface that extends infinitely.

A m
E
D

9.1 – Points, Line, Planes and Angles
Definitions:

A point divides a line into two half-lines, one on each side of

the point.
A ray is a half-line including an initial point.
A line segment includes two endpoints.

E
D
G

 F
9.1 – Points, Line, Planes and Angles
Summary:

Name Figure Symbol

Line AB or BA A B AB BA

Half-line AB A B AB

Half-line BA A B BA

Ray AB A B AB

Ray BA A B BA

Segment AB or
A B AB BA
Segment BA
9.1 – Points, Line, Planes and Angles
Definitions:

Parallel lines lie in the same plane and never meet.

Two distinct intersecting lines meet at a point.

Skew lines do not lie in the same plane and do not meet.

Parallel Intersecting Skew