BEE 3133

ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS

Chapter 4
Line Model and Performance

Rahmatul Hidayah Salimin

1
Introduction
 Analyze the performance of single-phase
and balanced three-phase transmission
lines under normal steady-state operating
conditions.
 Expression of voltage and current at any
point along the line are developed, where
the nature of the series impedance and
shunt admittance is taken into account.
 The performance of transmission line is
measured based on the voltage regulation
and line loadability.
2
Transmission Line Representation
Is IR
+ +

Vs ABCD VR

- -

 A line is treated as two-port network

which the ABCD parameters and an
equivalent π circuit are derived.

3
Transmission Line Representation
 To facilitate the performance calculations
relating to a transmission line, the line is
approximated as a series–parallel
interconnection of the relevant
parameters.
 Consider a transmission line to have:
 A sending end and a receiving end;
 A series resistance and inductance; and
 A shunt capacitance and conductance

4
Transmission Line Representation
 The relation between sending–end and
receiving–end quantities of the two–port
network can be written as:

VS  AVR  BI R
I S  CVR  DI R
VS   A B  VR 
 I   C D   I 
 S   R  5
Transmission Line Representation
 Short Line Model
 < 80 km in length
 Shunt effects are neglected.
 Medium Line Model
 Range from 80–240 km in length
 Shunt capacitances are lumped at a few
predetermined points along the line.
 Long Line Model
 >240 km in length.
 Uniformly distributed parameters.
 Shunt branch consists of both capacitance and
conductance. 6
Short Line Model
Z

IS R XL IR

VS VR

7
Short Line Model

Z  z  r  jL 
 R  jX L
where :
r  per - phase resistance
L  per - phase inductance
  line length 8
Short Line Model
 Thus, the ABCD parameters are easily
obtained from KVL and KCL equations as
below:
VS  VR  ZI R
IS  IR
VS  1 Z  VR 
 I   0 1   I 
 S   R 
A  D  1 pu ; B  Z  ; C  0 S 9
 Remember!
Complex Power Vline  3 V phase

 Sending end power

S S 3   3VS  phase I S*  phase
or
S S 3   3VS line I S* line

 Receiving end power

S R 3   3VR  phase I R*  phase
or
S R 3   3VR line I *
R line 10
Transmission Line Efficiency
 Total Full–Load Line Losses

S L 3   S S 3   S R 3 

 Transmission Line Efficiency

PR 3  PR 3 
 %  100
PS 3  PS 3 

 Note that only Real Power are taken into account!

11
Voltage Regulation
 ABCD parameters can be used to describe
the variation of line voltage with line
loading.
 Voltage regulation is the change in voltage
at the receiving end of the line when the
load varies from no–load to a specified
full–load at a specified power factor, while
the sending end is held constant.

12
Voltage Regulation

VR ( NL )  VR ( FL)
%VR  100
VR ( FL)

VS
VR ( NL )  VR ( FL)  VR
A

No–load Full–load
receiving–end voltage receiving–end voltage
13
VS  AVRNL  BI R
No Load Condition : I R  0
Thus;
Vs
VRNL 
A
Short Line VRNL  VS
VS
Medium Line VRNL 
 ZY 
1  
 2 
Long Line ??
14
Voltage Regulation
 The effect of load power factor on voltage
regulation is illustrated in phasor diagram.
 The phasor diagrams are graphical
representation of lagging, unity and
leading power factor.

15
Voltage Regulation
 In practice, transmission line voltages
decrease when heavily loaded and
increase when lightly loaded.
 EHV lines are maintained within ±5% of
rated voltage, corresponding to about
10% voltage regulation.
 10% voltage regulation for lower voltage
lines also considered good operating
practice.

17
Example 1 :Short TL
 A 220-kV, 50 Hz, three-phase transmission line
is 40 km long. The resistance per phase is 0.15
Ω/km and the inductance per phase is 1.5915
mH/km. The shunt capacitance is negligible. Use
the line model to find the voltage and power at
the sending end and the voltage regulation and
efficiency when the line is supplying a three-
phase load of
a) 381 MVA at 0.8 pf lagging at 220 kV
b) 381 MVA at 0.8 pf leading at 220 kV

19
Example 2 :Short TL
 A 220-kV, 50 Hz, three-phase transmission line
is 40 km long. The resistance per phase is 0.15
Ω/km and the inductance per phase is 1.5915
mH/km. The shunt capacitance is negligible. Use
the line model to find the voltage and power at
the sending end and the voltage regulation and
efficiency when the line is supplying a three-
phase load of
a) 381 MVA at 0.8 pf lagging at 220 kV
b) 381 MVA at 0.8 pf leading at 220 kV

20
Solution (a)
 Given
R = 0.15 Ω/km , L = 1.5915 mH/km
S =381 MVA with pf 0.8 lag
VR(line)=220 kV

Is Z=R+jωL Ω IR

+ +
R jXL

Vs VR

_ _
21
 Find sending end voltage, VS  VR  ZI R
Therefore, find VR , Z, and I R

VR  Line
VR  phase 
3
2200o kV

3
 1270o kV

The series impedance per phase;

Z 40km  r  jL l
 0.15  j 2 501.5915m 40
 6  j 20
22
 S  381 MVA,   cos -1 0.8  36.87 o
Thus,
S R  38136.87 o MVA  304.8MW  j 228.6 M var
SR  3VR(P hase)I*R
SR
I*R 
3VR(P hase)
S*R 381  36.87 o MVA
 
IR *
3VR(P hase)  
3 1270 o kV
 1000  36.87 o A

23
Therefore,
VS(Phase)  VR Phase  ZI R

 1270 kV  6  j 20  1000  36.87 A
o o

 144.34.93o kV
VS  Line  3 VS  Phase
 3 144.3
 250V

24
Find Sending - end Power, SS  3VS I S

I S  I R  1000  36.87 o A
SS  3VS(P hase)I*S
 
 3 144.334.93o V 100036.87 o A 
 322.8MW  j 288.6 M var
 43341.8o MVA

25
Voltage Regulation,
VRNL  VRFL
%VR   100
VRFL
250  220
  100
220
 13.6%
Effiency,η
PR
%   100
PS
304.8
  100
322.8
 94.4% 26
Medium Line Model – Nominal π Circuit

IS R XL IR

VS
Y/2 Y/2 VR

27
Medium Line Model
 Shunt capacitor is considered.
 ½ of shunt capacitor considered to be
lumped at each end of the line – π circuit
 Total shunt admittance, Y

Y  g  jC 
where :
C  line to neutral capacitanc e per km
g  line conductanc e per km
  line length 28
Medium Line Model
 Under normal condition,
 shunt conductance per unit length (the
leakage current) over the insulators and
due to corona is negligible
 Thus, g = 0

29
Medium Line Model
 To obtain ABCD parameters, the current in
the series branch is denoted as IL.
 Using KCL and KVL, the sending–end
voltage is: VS  VR  ZI L ..1

..2
Y
I L  I R  VR
2
From 1 and 2
 Y 
VS  VR  Z  I R  VR 
 2 
 ZY 
 1  VR  ZI R ..3
 2  30
Medium Line Model

31
Medium Line Model

32
Medium Line Model
 Using KCL to obtain equation for sending–
end current:

..4
Y
I S  I L  VS
2
Substitute 2 and 3 into 4
VRY  YZ  Y
IS  IR   1  VR  ZI R 
2  2  2
 YZ   YZ 
 Y 1  VR  1  I R ..5
 4   2 
33
Medium Line Model
 Thus, the ABCD parameters can be
obtained from equation [3] and [5];

  ZY  
  1  Z  VR 
VS   2 
I     
 S  Y 1  ZY  1  ZY   I R 
  4   2 
 ZY   ZY 
A  D  1   pu ; B  Z  ; C  Y 1  S
 2   4 
34
Medium Line Model
 ABCD constant are complex since π model
is a symmetrical two-port network
A=D
 The determinant of the transmission
matrix is unity(1)
AD – BC = 1 (Prove this!)

35
Medium Line Model
 The receiving and quantities can be
expressed in terms of the sending end
quantities

VR   D  B VS 
 I    C   
 R  A IS 

 If, ignore the shunt capacitance of the TL,

the shunt admittance, Y=0, it become the
short transmission line constant. 36
Example 2 : Medium TL
 A 345-kV, 60 Hz, three-phase transmission line
is 130 km long. The resistance per phase is
0.036 Ω/km and the inductance per phase is 0.8
mH/km. The shunt capacitance is 0.0112
μF/km. Use the medium line model to find the
voltage and power at the sending end and the
voltage regulation and efficiency when the line
is supplying a three-phase load of
a) 325 MVA at 0.8 pf lagging at 325 kV
b) 381 MVA at 0.8 pf leading at 325 kV

37
Medium Line Model – Nominal T Circuit

Z/2 Z/2
IS IR

VS
Y VR

Find the ABCD Parameters for

this circuit using KVL and KCL 38
Long Line Model

Z’
IS IR

VS
Y’/2 Y’/2 VR

39
Long Line Model
 The shunt capacitance and series
impedance must be treated as distributed
quantities
 The ‘V’ and ‘I’ on the line must be found
by solving the differential equation of the
transmission line.

40
Long Line Model
z  R  j L y  g  j C γ = propagation
constant
z
  zy Zc  Zc = characteristic
y impedance

sinh 
Z' Z  Z c sinh 

Y ' Y tanh  2 1 
  tanh
2 2  2 Zc 2
41
Long Line Model
 If γl <<0  sinh (γl )/( γl ) & tanh (γl /2)/ (γl /2) ≈ 1.0
 The ABCD parameters:

VS   A B  VR 
 I   C D   I 
 S   R 
Z 'Y '
A 1 B  Z'
2
 Z 'Y '  Z 'Y '
C  Y '  1 D 1
 4  2 42
ABCD Parameters
ABCD A B
Parameters C D
Short 1 Z
Line 0 1
Medium
π
Medium
T
Long
Line 43
Surge Impedance Loading
 When the line is loaded by being
terminated with an impedance equal to its
characteristic impedance, the receiving
end current is

VR L
IR  ; ZC   Surge impedance
ZC C
 For a lossless line, Zc is purely resistive.
The load corresponding to the surge
impedance at rated voltage is known as
the surge impedance loading (SIL). 44
Surge Impedance Loading
2
 3VR
SIL  3VR I R 
ZC
 Since VR = VLrated/√3, SIL in MVA becomes

SIL 
kVLrated 
2
MW
ZC
45
Surge Impedance Loading
 SIL is useful measure of transmission line
capacity as it indicates a loading where
the line’s reactive requirement are small.

 For loads significantly above SIL, shunt

capacitor may be needed to minimize
voltage drop along the line.

 While for light loads significantly below

SIL, shunt inductors may be needed.
46
Power Transmission Capability
 Power handling ability of a line is limited
by:
 Thermal loading limit
 Stability limit

 Thermal loading limit:

Sthermal  3Vrated I thermal

47